Endocrine System

Question 1

What are the 4 ways cells can communicate

Answer 1

Paracrine
Synaptic
Endocrine
Contact Dependent.

Question 2

What does the endocrine system consist of

Answer 2

cells
tissues
organs

Question 3

What is the primary function of the endocrine system

Answer 3

Endocrine are ductless glans which secrete hormones in the interstitial fluid and blood throughout the body.

Question 4

What structures do the endocrine system utilise

Answer 4

Pituitary 
Thyroid 
Parathyroid
Endocrine pancreas
Adrenal glands
Pineal Glands.

Question 5

What is the role of the hypothalamus

Answer 5

Most of the involuntary mechanisms including 
Body temperature 
Hunger
Thirst 
Sleep

Question 6

What is the role of the Thyroid gland

Answer 6

Regualtes energy and metabolism

Question 7

What is the role of the pancreas

Answer 7

Aids in digestion of protein fats and carbohydrates.

Produces insulin which controls blood sugar levels.

Question 8

Role of the ovaries

Answer 8

Influences how the blood circulates and determines sex drive.

Question 9

What is the role of the adrenal glands

Answer 9

Secretes many hormones such as cortisone and adrenaline which helps in fight or flight situations.

Question 10

What is the role of the thymus

Answer 10

Helps build resistance to diseases

Question 11

What is the role of the parathyroid

Answer 11

Secretes hormones necessary for calcium absorption.

Question 12

What is the role if the pituitary gland

Answer 12

Controls all other endocrine glands such as
growth
metabolism
regeneration

Question 13

What is the main function of the endocrine cells

Answer 13

Secrete hormones

Question 14

How do endocrine cells work

Answer 14

Can be gathered together to form a specialised organ

Form discreet clusters in another specialised organ

May be dispersed singly amongst cells in other epithelial tissues.

Question 15

What hormones are released from the hypothalamus

Answer 15

CRH corticotropin releasing hormone

TRH thyrotropin releasing hormone

GHRH growth hormone releasing hormone

GnRH gonadotropin releasing hormone

Question 16

What hormones are released via the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 16

ACTH 
TSH thyroid stimuling hormone 
GH
FSH
LH
Prolactin

Question 17

What hormones are released via the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 17

ADH

OXYTOCIN

Question 18

What hormones are released by the thyroid gland

Answer 18

T4

T3

Question 19

What hormones are released in the cortex of the adrenal glands

Answer 19

CORTISOL
CORTICOSTERONE
ALDOSTERONE
ANDROGENS

Question 20

What hormones are released in the medulla of the adrenal glands

Answer 20

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

Question 21

What hormones are released by the pancreas

Answer 21

insulin

glucagonn

Question 22

What hormone is released via the pineal gland

Answer 22

Melatonin

Question 23

What is a hormone

Answer 23

Chemical substance that is classified as a peptide steroid or amine.

Question 24

How do hormones work

Answer 24

They are secreted in small amounts into the blood circulation and delivered to the target tissues where they can emit a physiological response.

Question 25

What are the 3 biosynthetic pathways for hormones synthesis

Answer 25

1. Peptides and proteins are synthesised form amino acids. 2. Steroids derived from cholesterol 3. Amines derived from tyrosine.

Question 26

What do peptide hormones secrete and their source and function

Answer 26

Secrete Insulin Glucagon Both from the pancreas Function Fuel and storage and glucose use.

Question 27

What do amine hormones secrete and their source and function

Answer 27

Secrete Epinephrine From Adrenal Medulla Function Muscles glycogenolysis Fat cell lipolysis

Question 28

What do steroid hormones secrete and their source and function

Answer 28

Secrete Cortisol From Adrenal cortex Function Glucose production Protein mobilisation.

Question 29

How are hormones regulates

Answer 29

They need to be turned off and on by neural mechanisms and feedback mechanisms.

Question 30

Differentiate the difference between positive feedback and negative feedback

Answer 30

Negative Feedback A mechanism that occurs when the body systems need to slow down or stop a process that is occurring Positive Feedback A mechanism that occurs when the body systems needs to encourage or amplify a process that is occurring.

Question 31

What effect does FSH and LH have on the ovaries

Answer 31

Ovulation and stimulation of oestrogen secretion.

Question 32

What cell type secrete Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH and their function

Answer 32

Secreted by Thyrotrophs Stimulate the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone.

Question 33

What cell type secrete LH and FSH and their function

Answer 33

Secrete by Gonadotrophs Function MALES- Stimulate sperm production Females- Stimulate growth of an ovarian follicle and ovulation

Question 34

What cell type secrete Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH and its function

Answer 34

Secreted by Corticotrophs Function Synthesis and Secretion of adrenal cortisol hormones.

Question 35

What cell type secretes growth hormone GH and its function

Answer 35

Secreted by Somatotrophs Function Stimautes growth of bone and muscle and promotes protein synthesis and fat metabolism

Question 36

What secrete prolactin

Answer 36

Lactrophs

Question 37

How are peptide hormones synthesised

Answer 37

Transcription of DNA to mRNA Translation of mRNA to final hormone

Question 38

What are the 4 different types of epithelial tissue of the anterior pituitary

Answer 38

Pars distalis Pars Trabecula Pars intermedia Pars intermedia

Question 39

What is the function of ADH

Answer 39

Decrease water loss by kidneys

Question 40

What is the function of oxytocin

Answer 40

Promotes contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus.

Question 41

What are the 2 lobules the pineal gland is composed of

Answer 41

Pinealocytes which produces melatonin Glial cells

Question 42

What are the 2 different cell types in parathyroid glands

Answer 42

Chief cells | Oxyphils

Question 43

What happens if the thyroid hormone does not function properly

Answer 43

Disturbances of thyroid hormones will affect growth, CNS, BMR, nutrient metabolism and the CV system.

Question 44

What is hypothyroidism

Answer 44

Graves disease is an autoimmune disease characterised by increased circulating levels of thyroid stimulating immunolglobina.

Question 45

What symptoms occur with hypothyroidism

Answer 45

Weight loss | Rapid heart due to up regulation

Question 46

What are the 3 layers of the medulla of the adrenal gland

Answer 46

Zona rectiualris Zona fasciculata Zona glomerulosa