Endocrine System (Ch. 11)

Question 1

endocrine glands

Answer 1

ductless organs or groups of cells that secrete hormones directly into the blood or other body fluids
- a single gland may release multiple hormones

Question 2

3 major structural classes of hormone

Answer 2

amines
peptides and proteins
steroids

Question 3

amine hormones

Answer 3

derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine

Question 4

thyroid hormones

Answer 4

amine hormone produced by the thyroid gland

Question 5

catecholamines

Answer 5

amine hormones produced by the adrenal medulla
- epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 6

dopamine

Answer 6

amine hormone produced by the hypothalamus

Question 7

adrenal gland

Answer 7

composed of an inner adrenal medulla and a surrounding adrenal cortex

Question 8

adrenal medulla

Answer 8

secretes catecholamines into the blood

Question 9

adrenal cortex

Answer 9

secretes steroid hormones; produces aldosterone, cortisol, and two androgens (DHEA and androstenedione)

Question 10

peptids and protein

Answer 10

string of amino acids
- typically synthesized as larger (inactive) molecules that are cleaved into active fragments

Question 11

post-translational modification

Answer 11

what cleaves strings of amino acids into smaller active fragments

Question 12

steroid hormones

Answer 12

ring structures, derived from cholesterol, lipophilic, not highly soluble in blood, easily diffuse across membrane,

Question 13

ovaries

Answer 13

produce mainly estradiol and progesterone

Question 14

testes

Answer 14

produce mainly testosterone

Question 15

peptide hormones and catecholamines

Answer 15

soluble in plasma; rapidly removed from the blood

Question 16

steroid and thyroid hormones

Answer 16

poorly soluble; mostly bound to plasma proteins (ex: albumin); removed from the blood more slowly

Question 17

a hormone’s concentration in the plasma depends on

Answer 17

the rate of secretion by the endocrine gland
its rate of removal from the blood

Question 18

major organs that metabolize or secrete hormones

Answer 18

liver and kidneys

Question 19

up-regulation

Answer 19

an increase in the number of a hormone’s receptors in a cell, often resulting from a prolonged exposure to a low concentration of the hormone

Question 20

down-regulation

Answer 20

a decrease in the number of a hormone’s receptors in a cell, often from exposure to a high concentration of the hormone

Question 21

permissiveness

Answer 21

hormone A must be present in order for hormone B exert its full effect

Question 22

receptors of steroids and thyroid hormones

Answer 22

inside target cells

Question 23

receptors of peptide hormones and catecholamines

Answer 23

on plasma membrane

Question 24

3 inputs that can lead to hormone secretion

Answer 24

ion or nutrient that the hormone regulates
neural input of neurotransmitters to the endocrine cells
one or more other hormones

Question 25

autonomic nervous system

Answer 25

controls the secretion of many hormones

Question 26

tropic hormone

Answer 26

a hormone that stimulates the secretion of another hormone

Question 27

4 ways to categorize endocrine diseases

Answer 27

hyposecretion hypersecretion hyporesponsiveness hyperresponsiveness

Question 28

hyposecretion

Answer 28

too little hormone

Question 29

hypersecretion

Answer 29

too much hormone

Question 30

hyporesponsiveness

Answer 30

decreased responsiveness of the target cells to hormone

Question 31

hyperresponsiveness

Answer 31

increased responsiveness of the target cells to hormone

Question 32

primary disease

Answer 32

defect in the cells that secrete the hormone

Question 33

secondary disease

Answer 33

too much or too little tropic/trophic hormone

Question 34

pituitary gland

Answer 34

lies in a pocket at the base of the brain just below the hypothalamus - connected to the hypothalamus

Question 35

infundibulum

Answer 35

connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

Question 36

posterior pituitary gland

Answer 36

part of the pituitary gland that is an extension of the neural components of the hypothalamus

Question 37

anterior pituitary gland

Answer 37

part of the pituitary gland that contains the portal vessels that connect to the nuclei of the hypothalamus but does not contain them

Question 38

axons with cell bodies in the hypothalamus...

Answer 38

terminate in the posterior pituitary release oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) into the blood

Question 39

anterior pituitary gland secretes

Answer 39

- growth hormone (GH) - thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) - prolactin (PRL) - follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 40

hypophysiotropic hormones

Answer 40

stimulatory or inhibitory hormones secreted into capillaries in the median eminence of the hypothalamus and reaching the anterior pituitary gland via the portal vessels

Question 41

long-loop negative feedback

Answer 41

the "target gland" hormone exerts negative feedback on the secretion of the hypothalamic and/or anterior pituitary gland hormone in the pathway

Question 42

short-loop negative feedback

Answer 42

a given anterior pituitary hormone inhibits the hypophysiotropic hormone(s) that control its secretion

Question 43

thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

Answer 43

T4: main secretory product T3: active hormone; produced from T4 in target tissue - iodinated tyrosines on thyroglobulin are coupled to produce either T3 or T4

Question 44

thyroid hormone

Answer 44

synthesis and thyroidal iodine uptake (trapped in follicle) stimulated by TSH stimulates growth hormone synthesis and has many growth promoting effects - negative feedback: thyroid hormones inhibit TSH (and TRH) - TSH causes hypertrophy

Question 45

hypertrophy

Answer 45

thyroid growth

Question 46

goiter

Answer 46

enlarged thyroid from any cause

Question 47

effects of thyroid hormone

Answer 47

- increases metabolic rate and thus heat production - exerts permissive actions (increases the effectiveness of actions of the sympathetic nervous system) - important for normal growth and development during fetal life and childhood

Question 48

hypothyroidism

Answer 48

decreased thyroid function

Question 49

hyperthyroidism

Answer 49

increased thyroid function

Question 50

cortisol

Answer 50

steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal cortex - stimulated by ACTH from anterior pituitary - CRH )corticotropin-releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus stimulates ACTH negative feedback (inhibits ACTH and CRH release)

Question 51

physiological functions of cortisol

Answer 51

- maintains responsiveness of target cells to epinephrine and norepinephrine - check on the immune system - energy homeostasis - differentiation of fetal tissues

Question 52

stress

Answer 52

disruption of homeostasis; increased cortisol is a critical response to inhibit nonessential processes during stress

Question 53

adrenal insufficiency

Answer 53

inadequate production of cortisol

Question 54

vasopressin

Answer 54

increased renal water retention (antidiuresis)

Question 55

aldosterone, growth hormone, and glucagon

Answer 55

regulate various aspects of ion balance and metabolism

Question 56

catecholamines

Answer 56

epinephrine, norepinephrine - increase heart rate and heart pumping strength, rate of breathing, shunting of blood to skeletal muscle, and energy sources in the blood

Question 57

epinephrine

Answer 57

from adrenal medulla in response to stimulation from the sympathetic nervous system

Question 58

norepinephrine

Answer 58

primarily from sympathetic neuron terminals

Question 59

osteoblasts

Answer 59

produce cartilage

Question 60

growth hormone

Answer 60

major stimulus of postnatal growth

Question 61

insulin

Answer 61

stimulates growth mainly during fetal life

Question 62

Ca2+ absorbed

Answer 62

by the GI tract under hormonal control

Question 63

Ca2+ excretion

Answer 63

Ca2+ filtered minus Ca2+ reabsorbed

Question 64

Ca2+ reabsorption

Answer 64

is under hormonal control