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Human Physiology (BIO 305W) > Homeostasis (Ch. 1) > Flashcards

Homeostasis (Ch. 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the functions of body parts

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2
Q

Pathophysiology

A

study of disease states (physiological dysfunction)

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3
Q

cell differentiation

A

the process of transforming an unspecialized cell into a specialized cell

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4
Q

4 major categories of cells

A
  1. muscle cells
  2. neurons
  3. epithelial cells
  4. connective-tissue cells
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5
Q

types of muscle cells

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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6
Q

4 general types of tissues

A
  1. muscle tissue
  2. nervous tissue
  3. epithelial tissue
  4. connective tissue
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7
Q

tissue

A

aggregate of a single type of specialized cell, or just the general cellular fabric of any organ or structure

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8
Q

Muscle cells are specialized to _____?

A

generate mechanical force (therefore causing movement)

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9
Q

skeletal muscle cells

A

attached through other structures to bone and/or skin producing movement in the body
- voluntary control

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10
Q

cardiac muscle cells

A

found only in the heart; functions to contract the heart and pump blood into circulation
involuntary control

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11
Q

smooth muscle cells

A

make up part of the walls of many “tubes” in the body
contraction functions to decrease diameter or shorten the length of the tubes
Ex: blood vessels, esophagus, etc.
involuntary control

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12
Q

neuron

A

a cell of the nervous system; specialized to initiate and conduct electrical signals to other cells anywhere in the body

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13
Q

nervous tissue is __________________

A

a collection of neurons

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14
Q

nerve

A

neuron extensions that carry a signal from many neurons between the nervous system and other parts of the body

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15
Q

epithelial cells

A

specialized for the special secretion and absorption of ions and organic molecules, also provide protection

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16
Q

shapes of epithelial cells

A

cuboidal, columnar, squamous, ciliated

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17
Q

cuboidal

A

cube shaped

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18
Q

columnar

A

elongated

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19
Q

squamous

A

flattened

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20
Q

simple epithelium vs. stratified epithelium

A

simple epithelium - single cell thick tissue

stratified epithelium - thicker tissue consisting of numerous layers of cells

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21
Q

basement membrane

A

anchors the tissue

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22
Q

basolateral vs. apical

A

basolateral - side of the cell that is anchored to the basement membrane

apical - side of the cell that faces the interior of a structure (lumen)

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23
Q

tight junctions

A

function as selective barriers regulating the exchange of molecules

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24
Q

connective tissue cells

A

connect, anchor, and support the structures of the body

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25
extracellular matrix (ECM) is made of
mixture of proteins, polysaccharides, and sometimes minerals
26
functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM)
- provides a scaffold for cellular attachments - transmits information in the form of chemical messengers to the cells to help regulate their activity, migration, growth, and differentiation
27
organs
composed of two or more of the four kinds of tissues arranged in various proportions and patterns, such as sheets, tubes, layers, bundles, and strips
28
functional units
perform the function of the organ | ex: the functional unit of the kidney is the nephron and produces the urine
29
organ system
collection of organs that together perform an overall function - different organ systems work together
30
organ systems of the body
circulatory, digestive, endocrine, immune, integumentary, lymphatic, musculoskeletal, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, urinary
31
body fluid
watery solution of dissolved substances such as oxygen, nutrients, and wastes
32
3 compartments of body fluid
intracellular fluid, plasma, interstitial fluid
33
intracellular fluid
the fluid contained within all the cells of the body and accounts for 67% of all the water in the body
34
plasma
the fluid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended, and accounts for 7% of total body water
35
interstitial fluid
the fluid that lies around and between cells (in the space known as the interstitium) and makes up 26% of total body water
36
extracellular fluid
comprised of the plasma and the interstitial fluid
37
dynamic constancy
the state of homeostasis where a given variable may vary in the short term but is stable and predictable when averaged over the long term
38
steady state
a system in which a particular variable is not changing but in which energy must be added continuously to maintain a stable, homeostatic condition
39
equilibrium
a particular variable is not changing and no input of energy is needed to maintain the constancy
40
negative feedback
an increase or decrease in the variable being regulated brings about responses that tend to move the variable in the opposite direction of the original change
41
positive feedback
an initial change in a particular variable leads to an ever greater change in that variable (less common than negative feedback)
42
feedforward regulation
changes in regulated variables are anticipated and prepared for before the actually occur - fine tunes homeostatic responses - minimizes fluctuations in the regulated variable
43
reflex
specific involuntary, built-in response to a particular stimulus - typically innate, but some can be learned or acquired
44
stimulus
a detectable change in the internal or external environment
45
receptor
detects the environmental change
46
afferent pathway
carries signal to the integrating center
47
integrating center
receives signals from many receptors, integration of numerous bits of information
48
effector
constitutes the overall response of the system
49
efferent pathway
carries signal away from the integrating center
50
local homeostatic responses
responses initiated by a change in the external or internal environment (stimulus) and they induce an alteration of cell activity with the net effect of counteracting the stimulus - the result of a sequence of events proceeding from a stimulus - occurs only in the area of the stimulus
51
reflex arc
stimulus --> receptor --> afferent pathway --> integrating center --> efferent pathway --> effector --> response
52
intercellular communication
cell to cell communication facilitates homeostasis - essential to reflexes and local responses - neurotransmitters, hormones, paracrine substances, autocrine substances
53
hormone
targets cells in one or more distant places in the body | - blood is the delivery system
54
neurotransmitter
neuron or effector cell in close proximity to site of neurotransmitter release
55
paracrine substances
target cells in close proximity to site of release of the paracrine substance
56
autocrine substances
acts on the same cell that secreted the substance | - do not communicate between cells because it acts upon itself
57
endocrine glands
produce and secrete hormones
58
norepinephrine
can act as a neurotransmitter in the brain or is produced as a hormone by cells of the adrenal glands
59
adaptation
any characteristic that favors survival in a specific environment, many are inheritable (like homeostatic control systems) - lactose tolerance - darker skin to protect from UV light from sun
60
acclimatization
improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system - can be reversed
61
circadian rhythms
biological functions with a cycle of approximately 24 hours - feedforward component to homeostatic control systems - internally driven by pacemakers - entrained by light - free run without entrainment
62
total body balance
matching inputs and outputs of a substance in the body | - can be negative (net loss), positive (net gain), or stable (loss=gain)

Human Physiology (BIO 305W) (5 decks)

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