Endocrine System: Hormones Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
Hormones
A
- chemicals produced in one part of body by endocrine system and secreted in circulatory system to affect cells
- acts as regulators (to change speed of body processes)
- Cells have certain receptors for certain hormones
2
Q
Types of Hormones
A
- Non-target
- Target
- Tropic
- Non- Tropic
3
Q
Non target hormones n example
A
- affect many cells throughout body
ex. insulin causes many cells to absorb glucose
4
Q
Target hormone and example
A
- Affect specific cells or tissues only
- ex. gastrin affects stomach only
5
Q
Tropic hormones n example
A
- activate other endocrine glands to release hormones
ex. TSH from
pituitary activates thyroid gland to release thyroxine
6
Q
Non tropic and ex
A
- Stimulate other tissues that are not endocrine
ex. epinephrine affects heart, blood vessels, diaphragm, airways, etc.
7
Q
what type of hormones does the pancreas produce
A
- Somatostatin
- Glucagon
- Insulin
8
Q
Somatostatin
A
- control rate at which blood absorbs nutrients
- in pancreas
9
Q
Glucagon
A
- produced by alpha cells
- inc blood sugar lvls my stimulating liver to break down glycogen into glucose, which is released into the blood
- in pancreas
10
Q
Insulin
A
- Produced by beta cells
- decrease blood glucose lvl by increasing uptake of glucose by cells
- in pancreas
11
Q
Hormones from adrenal medulla and its functions
A
- Epinephrine & norepinephrine
- involved in short term stress response
- controlled by sympathetic NS
- causes increased heart rate, breathing rate, blood flow, inc blood sugar, redirects blood to brain from muscles
12
Q
Hormones from Adrenal Cortex
A
- long term stress response
- ACTH acts on adrenal cortex to release these steroid hormones: Glucicorticoids, Mineralcorticoids, Sex Hormones
13
Q
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
A
- inc lvl of amino acids in blood to help body recover from stress
- amino acids convert to glucose by liver which raises lvl of blood sugar to provide greater energy source to help recover cells
- amino acids not converted to glucose are available for protein synthesis to be used to repair damaged cells
- Fats broken down to be used as second source of energy
14
Q
Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
A
- Cause inc in reabsorption of sodium from nephron
- Na absorbed > water follows > aldosterone lead water to reabsorption > inc blood pressure
- aldosterone responds when BP is low (due to large loss of bodily fluids)
15
Q
Sex Hormones
A
- small amounts of male n female hormones
- Responsible for female sex drive
- at menopause, testosterone can be converted to some estrogen
- assists in prepubertal growth spurt
- assists in early sexual development
16
Q
Hormones from Thyroid gland
A
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Calcitonin
17
Q
Thyroxine (T4) n Triiodothyronine (T3)
A
- Iodine containing hormones
- control rate at which glucose is burned in body
- inc metabolism and heat production and regulates growth
- feedback to anterior pituitary and hypothalamus to stop producing TSH and TRH
18
Q
Calcitonin
A
- causes blood calcium lvls to decrease by causing calcium to be deposited in bones
- stimulated by high calcium lvls in blood
- act on: kidneys (to secrete urine), intestines (inhibit absorption of Ca), Bones (promote Ca uptake from blood)
19
Q
Parathyroid Hormone
A
- stimulated by low Ca lvls in blood
- Inhibit release of Calcitonin from thyroid gland
- cause ca lvls in blood to increase
- acts on: Kidneys (reabsorb more Ca before secreting and activates vit.D which promotes intestinal uptake of Ca, Intestines (to absorb Ca from food), Bones (release Ca into blood)
20
Q
Which hormones does the hypothalamus produce
A
- ADH
- Oxytocin
21
Q
Releasing Hormones
A
- aka releasing factors
- peptides produced by hypothalamus that stimulate anterior pituitary to release its hormones
22
Q
Inhibiting Hormones/factors
A
- produced in hypothalamus
- Stop pituitary secretions and inhibit production of anterior pituitary hormones
- factors travel from hypothalamus to pituitary by blood vessels
23
Q
ADH (antidiuretic, vasopressin)
A
- stimulate water reabsorption in nephron bcs of dehydration
- released from posterior pituitary, but made in hypothalamus
- water removed from urine to conserve body water>less urine> more water in blood> high BP
- sensory receptors called osmoreceptor in hypothalamus detect osmotic pressure
- make collecting duct of nephron more permeable to water
24
Q
Oxytocin
A
- released from posterior pituitary, made in hypothalamus
- stimulates contraction of uterus and milk “let down” reflex
25
Growth Hormone (somatotropin)
- stimulates growth (mostly bone n muscles)
- inc protein synthesis n cell division
- important in young children
- associated w/ diet, stress lvls, sleep
- affected by insulin, androgens, and thyroid hormones
26
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- stimulate thyroid to release its hormones (thyroxine)
- type of tropic hormone
- produced in anterior pituitary
27
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Stimulate adrenal cortex to release its hormones (Aldosterone n cortisol)
- type of tropic hormone
- produced in anterior pituitary
28
Prolactin
Stimulates production of breast milk after child birth
- produced in anterior pituitary
29
What are Gonadotropic Hormones
- classified as tropic hormones
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
30
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Females: stimulates development of follicles in ovary which stimulates production of estrogen
- Male: stimulates production and maturation of sperm
31
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- Females: Stimulates ovulation and production of corpus luteum which produces proestrogen and some estrogen
- Males: aka interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) bcs it stimulates interstital cells to produce testosterone
32
2 Classifications of hormones
- steroid hormone
| - protein hormone
33
Steroid hormone
- made from cholesterol
- fat (lipid) soluble
- longer lasting effect
- act inside cell
- can be orally taken (not digested in stomach)
- ex. thyroxine, testosterone, estrogen
34
Protein Hormones
- made of proteins, peptides, or amino acids
- water soluble
- act outside of cell > activates enzymes in cytoplasm
- cannot be orally taken (digested)
- ex. ADH, insulin, GH
35
Prostaglandins
- Group of hormones that do not move to other sites in body
- Act directly on cells that produce them
- tissue cells release prostaglandins when tissue is damaged (stressed)
- stimulate inflammination > inc. blood flow > stimulare platelets to form clots
- Role in producing fever
- inc perception of pain
36
BP and Aldosterone
- Juxtaglomerular appartus near glomerulus (in kidneys) has BP pressure receptors called baroreceptors
- When BP is low, baroreceptors detect change and stimulate JGA to release enzyme called renin
- renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotension
37
Renin
- renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin
| - released when JGA is stimulated
38
Angiotensin
- constricts blood vessels > inc BP
- Stimulates release of aldosterone > carried to kidneys to act on cells of distal tubule and collecting duct to inc Na absorption > osmotic pressure inc. > more water move out of nephron and into blood > inc BP and blood volume
39
Aspirin
- Effective reducer of pain, fever, inflammination
- Blocks enzymes involved w/ prostaglandin production
- reduce prostaglandin, blood dont clot easily
- possible danger bcs you can bleed profusely
