Endocrine System Pathology, Adrenal, Thyroid and Parathyroid Dysfunction

Question 1

what are the types of adrenal dysfunction?

Answer 1

Addison’s disease
Cushing’s syndrome

Question 2

what are the types of thyroid dysfunction?

Answer 2

hypothyroidism
hyperthyroidism/Grave’s disease

Question 3

what are the types of parathyroid dysfunction?

Answer 3

hyperparathyroidism
hypoparathyroidism

Question 4

Addison’s disease pathology

Answer 4

form of adrenal dysfunction characterized by adrenal cortex hypofunction
leads to decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone

Question 5

Addison’s disease is a form of adrenal dysfunction characterized by adrenal cortex __, leading to decreased production of __ and __

Answer 5

hypofunction
cortisol and aldosterone

Question 6

Addison’s disease etiology?

Answer 6

adrenal cortex produces insufficient cortisol and aldosterone hormones

Question 7

general s/s of Addison’s disease (7)?

Answer 7

widespread metabolic dysfunction secondary to cortisol deficiency

fluid and electrolyte imbalances secondary to aldosterone
dysfunction

hypotension
weakness
anorexia
weight loss
altered pigmentation

Question 8

cortisol deficiency in addison’s disease results in widespread __ dysfunction

Answer 8

metabolic

Question 9

aldosterone dysfunction in addison’s disease results in __ and __ imbalances

Answer 9

fluid and electrolyte

Question 10

what will eventually happen if Addison’s disease is left untreated?

Answer 10

shock and possible death

Question 11

what adrenal condition is characterized by widespread metabolic dysfunction, electrolyte and fluid imbalances, anorexia, weight loss, altered pigmentation, hypotension and/or weakness?

Answer 11

addison’s disease

Question 12

treatment of addison’s disease?

Answer 12

longterm pharmacological intervention using synthetic corticosteroids and mineralocorticoids

Question 13

Cushing’s syndrome pathology?

Answer 13

form of adrenal dysfunction that presents with hyperfunction of the adrenal gland, allowing for excessive amounts of cortisol production

Question 14

Cushing’s syndrome is a form of adrenal dysfunction that presents as __ of the adrenal gland, allowing for excessive __ production

Answer 14

hyperfunction
cortisol

Question 15

Cushing’s syndrome etiology?

Answer 15

when the pituitary gland produces excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) with subsequent hypercortisolism

Question 16

signs and symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome evolve over __

Answer 16

years

Question 17

general s/s of Cushing’s disease?

Answer 17

HTN
hyperglycemia
growth failure
truncal obesity
purple abdominal striae
‘moon’ face
‘buffalo hump’ on posterior base of neck
acne
weakness
male gynecomastia
mental changes: depression, poor concentration, memory loss

Question 18

male gynecomastia

Answer 18

associated with Cushing’s syndrome
enlarged breast tissue in males

Question 19

mental changes (3) associated with Cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 19

depression
poor concentration
memory loss

Question 20

what adrenal condition is characterized by HTN, hyperglycemia, ‘moon’ face, ‘buffalo hump’, truncal obesity, acne, growth failure, purple abdominal striae, weakness, male gynecomastia and mental changes (depression, poor concentration, memory loss)?

Answer 20

Cushing’s syndrome

Question 21

treatment of Cushing’s syndrome (4)?

Answer 21

pharmacological intervention to block the production of the hormones
radiation therapy
chemotherapy
surgery

Question 22

hypothyroidism pathology?

Answer 22

occurs when there are decreased levels of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream, slowing metabolic processes within the body

Question 23

hypothyroidism occurs when there are __ levels of __ hormones in the bloodstream, slowing __ processes within the body?

Answer 23

decreased, thyroid, metabolic

Question 24

symptoms of hypothyroidism (7)?

Answer 24

fatigue
weakness
decreased HR
weight gain
constipation
delayed puberty
retarded growth/development

Question 25

what is a common cause of hypothyroidism?

Answer 25

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Question 26

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Answer 26

common cause of hypothyroidism underdeveloped thyroid gland

Question 27

treatment of hypothyroidism?

Answer 27

oral thyroid hormone replacement therapy

Question 28

hyperthyroidism pathology?

Answer 28

occurs when there are excessive levels of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream

Question 29

hyperthyroidism occurs when there are __ levels of __ hormones in the bloodstream

Answer 29

excessive; thyroid

Question 30

symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 30

excessive sweating weight loss increased BP increased nervousness exophthalmos myopathy chronic periarthritis enlarged thyroid gland

Question 31

hyperthyroidism treatment (3)?

Answer 31

pharmacological intervention radioactive iodine surgery

Question 32

what thyroid condition is characterized by fatigue, weakness, weight gain, decreased HR, constipation, delayed puberty and/or retarded growth/development?

Answer 32

hypothyroidism

Question 33

what thyroid condition is characterized by increased nervousness, excessive sweating, weight loss, increased BP, exopthalmos, myopathy, chronic periarthritis and/or an enlarged thyroid gland?

Answer 33

hyperthyroidism

Question 34

exopthalmos

Answer 34

also known as proptosis abnormal protrusion of one or both eyeballs from the eye socket

Question 35

what is the most specific cause of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 35

Grave's disease

Question 36

Grave's disease is most common in __ over age __, however it occurs in __ as well and can affect any age group

Answer 36

women over age 20 men

Question 37

Grave's disease etiology?

Answer 37

caused by autoimmune disease where certain antibodies produced by the immune system stimulate the thyroid, causing it to be overactive

Question 38

symptoms of Grave's disease (8)?

Answer 38

consistent with hyperthyroidism mild enlargement of thyroid gland (goiter) heat intolerance nervousness weight loss tremor palpitations exopthalmos

Question 39

what thyroid condition is characterized by symptoms consistent with hyperthyroidism, with its classic symptoms being goiter (mild enlargement of thyroid gland), heat intolerance, nervousness, weight loss, tremor, palpitations and exopthalmos?

Answer 39

Grave's disease

Question 40

treatment of Grave's disease (2)?

Answer 40

pharmacological intervention and/or removal of the thyroid gland using radiation/surgical intervention