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Urinary and Endocrine System Anatomy > Endocrine Workbook > Flashcards

Endocrine Workbook Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main endocrine organs of the body?

A

Thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, pancreas and testes

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2
Q

What is the name of the depression which the pituitary gland sits on?

A

Hypophysial fossa in sphenoid bone

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3
Q

How is the optic chiasm related to the pituitary gland?

A

Superior

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4
Q

What would be the resultant visual field defect due to pituitary gland enlargement?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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5
Q

What are the different parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Pars intermedia

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6
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland is larger?

A

Posterior lobe

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7
Q

Which of the lobe of the pituitary gland is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?

A

Anterior

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8
Q

What is the function of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Posterior stores
Secretes oxytocin and ADH

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9
Q

How does the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland look like on H&E stain?

A

Anterior is dark staining
Posterior is pale staining

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10
Q

What lobe of the pituitary is this image of?

A

Anterior
Under high power

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11
Q

What are the 3 cell types in anterior pituitary histology?

A

Acidophilic - stain pink
Basophilic - stain light purple
Chromophobic - appear pale and don’t take up much stain

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12
Q

What lobe of the pituitary gland is shown?

A

Posterior

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13
Q

What does the histology of the posterior lobe show?

A

Non-myelinated axons which are neurosecretory axons
Cell bodies of these are located in hypothalamus

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14
Q

What are the 2 classes of acidophils?

A

Somatotrophs
Mammotrophs

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15
Q

What is the target organ and secretory product of somatotrophs?

A

GH
General but main is chondrocytes

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16
Q

What is the secretory product and target organ of mammotrophs?

A

Prolactin
Milk producing tissue

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17
Q

What are the 3 classes of basophils?

A

Corticotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Gonadotrophs

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18
Q

What is the secretory product and target organ of corticotrophs?

A

ACTH - corticosteroids of adrenal cortex
MSH - melanocytes

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19
Q

What is the secretory product and target organ of thyrotrophs?

A

TSH
Follicular epithelial cells

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20
Q

What is the secretory product and target organ of gonadotrophs?

A

FSH - follicular cells of ovaries or sertoli cells of testes
LH - developing follicles

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21
Q

What is the arterial blood supply for the pituitary gland?

A

Internal carotid gland - superior hypophysial artery and inferior hypophysial artery

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22
Q

What artery supplies the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Superior hypophysial artery
Enters substance of hypothalamus before breaking up into capillaries - creating hypophysial portal system

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23
Q

What artery supplies the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Inferior hypophysial artery

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24
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?

A

Capillary portal system
Hormones are released from neurosecretory neurons at median eminence

25
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Hormone packed in cell body then transported down cell
Vesicles containing hormone in posterior pituitary - released into blood
Axons and nerve terminals

26
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Anterior to trachea and inferior to the larynx
C5 to T1 and between cartilage and 6th tracheal ring

27
Q

Where does the isthmus lie oppisite?

A

2nd and 3rd tracheal rings

28
Q

Which strap muscles overlie the thyroid gland?

A

Sternohyoid and sternothyroid

29
Q

What are the 2 nerves which supply the muscles of the vocal cords?

A

Recurrent laryngeal and superior laryngeal nerves

30
Q

What is the location of the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves in relation to thyroid gland?

A

Recurrent - runs between trachea and oesophagus
Superior - between thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone

31
Q

From which major artery in the neck does the superior thyroid artery arise?

A

External carotid artery

32
Q

From which artery does the inferior artery arise?

A

Subclavian artery

33
Q

Which vein does the superior and middle thyroid vein drain into?

A

Internal jugular vein

34
Q

Which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?

A

Brachiocephalic vein

35
Q

Describe the histology of the thyroid gland

A

Hormones of thyroid gland are stored in cavities and surrounded by secretory cells
These make up a follicle
Within the follicle - the hormone is bound to a glycoprotein and called a colloid

36
Q

What is A, B, C and D?

A

A - colloid
B - follicular cells
C - follicle
D - parafollicular cells/ clear cells

37
Q

What colour does the colloid stain?

A

Pink

38
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

T3 and T4
Calcitonin

39
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

Lie on medial half of the posterior surface of each thyroid lobe, external to the thyroid fibrous capsule

40
Q

Where are the superior parathyroids situated?

A

Level of inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

41
Q

Where are the inferior parathyroids situated?

A

Near the inferior poles of the thyroid, though position is variable

42
Q

Describe the arterial blood supply of both superior and inferior parathyroid glands

A

Predominantly from inferior thyroid arteries

43
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the superior and inferior parathyroid glands

A

Veins draining the thyroid to the internal jugular veins

44
Q

What are the 2 cell types present in the parathyroid glands?

A

Chief cells - more numerous and have darker staining cytoplasm
Oxyphil cells

45
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete and its function?

A

PTH
Regulation of Ca levels in the blood

46
Q

What cells does PTH act upon and what is the action?

A

Osteoclasts - reabsorption of bone which releases Ca
Intestinal cells - indirectly causes an increase in the activity of the enzyme which activates Vit D which promotes Ca absorption from intestines
Kidney cells - decreases urinary excretion of Ca and increases K excretion

47
Q

How are the adrenal glands peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal

48
Q

What are the 2 parts of the suprarenal glands?

A

Outer cortex and inner medulla

49
Q

What are the embryological origins of the cortex and medulla of the suprarenal gland?

A

Cortex - mesodermal epithelium
Medulla - neuroectoderm

50
Q

Describe the blood supply of the suprarenal glands

A

Arise from inferior phrenic arteries (superior), aorta (middle) and renal arteries (inferior suprarenal artery)

51
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the suprarenal glands

A

One suprarenal vein
On right side drains into IVC
On left side drain into left renal vein

52
Q

What are the 3 distinct zones of the cortex?

A

Outer zona glomerulosa
Middle zona fasciculata
Inner zona reticularis

53
Q

What does the medulla of the suprarenal glands secrete?

A

Large ovoid chromaffin cells secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline

54
Q

What are the main 3 hormones secreted by the 3 zones of the cortex?

A

G - aldosterone
F - Glucocorticoids
R - sex hormones

55
Q

Is the pancreas intra or retro peritoneal?

A

Pancreas head and body - retro
Tail - intra

56
Q

What are the parts of the pancreas?

A

Head, Neck, Body, Tail and Uncinate process

57
Q

What is the level of the transpyloric plane?

A

L1

58
Q

What arteries supply the pancraes?

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Gastroduodenal artery
Splenic artery
Superior mesenteric artery

59
Q

What cell types are found in the islets of Langerhans and what do they secrete?

A

Alpha - glucagon
Beta - insulin
Delta - somatostatin
P - pancreatic polypeptide

Urinary and Endocrine System Anatomy (3 decks)

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