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Urinary and Endocrine System Anatomy > Endocrine Workbook > Flashcards

Endocrine Workbook Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What are the main endocrine organs of the body?

A

Thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, pancreas and testes

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2
Q

What is the name of the depression which the pituitary gland sits on?

A

Hypophysial fossa in sphenoid bone

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3
Q

How is the optic chiasm related to the pituitary gland?

A

Superior

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4
Q

What would be the resultant visual field defect due to pituitary gland enlargement?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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5
Q

What are the different parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Pars intermedia

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6
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland is larger?

A

Posterior lobe

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7
Q

Which of the lobe of the pituitary gland is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?

A

Anterior

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8
Q

What is the function of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Posterior stores
Secretes oxytocin and ADH

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9
Q

How does the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland look like on H&E stain?

A

Anterior is dark staining
Posterior is pale staining

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10
Q

What lobe of the pituitary is this image of?

A

Anterior
Under high power

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11
Q

What are the 3 cell types in anterior pituitary histology?

A

Acidophilic - stain pink
Basophilic - stain light purple
Chromophobic - appear pale and don’t take up much stain

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12
Q

What lobe of the pituitary gland is shown?

A

Posterior

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13
Q

What does the histology of the posterior lobe show?

A

Non-myelinated axons which are neurosecretory axons
Cell bodies of these are located in hypothalamus

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14
Q

What are the 2 classes of acidophils?

A

Somatotrophs
Mammotrophs

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15
Q

What is the target organ and secretory product of somatotrophs?

A

GH
General but main is chondrocytes

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16
Q

What is the secretory product and target organ of mammotrophs?

A

Prolactin
Milk producing tissue

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17
Q

What are the 3 classes of basophils?

A

Corticotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Gonadotrophs

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18
Q

What is the secretory product and target organ of corticotrophs?

A

ACTH - corticosteroids of adrenal cortex
MSH - melanocytes

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19
Q

What is the secretory product and target organ of thyrotrophs?

A

TSH
Follicular epithelial cells

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20
Q

What is the secretory product and target organ of gonadotrophs?

A

FSH - follicular cells of ovaries or sertoli cells of testes
LH - developing follicles

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21
Q

What is the arterial blood supply for the pituitary gland?

A

Internal carotid gland - superior hypophysial artery and inferior hypophysial artery

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22
Q

What artery supplies the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Superior hypophysial artery
Enters substance of hypothalamus before breaking up into capillaries - creating hypophysial portal system

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23
Q

What artery supplies the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Inferior hypophysial artery

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24
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?

Study These Flashcards
A

Capillary portal system
Hormones are released from neurosecretory neurons at median eminence

25
How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary gland?
Hormone packed in cell body then transported down cell Vesicles containing hormone in posterior pituitary - released into blood Axons and nerve terminals
26
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Anterior to trachea and inferior to the larynx C5 to T1 and between cartilage and 6th tracheal ring
27
Where does the isthmus lie oppisite?
2nd and 3rd tracheal rings
28
Which strap muscles overlie the thyroid gland?
Sternohyoid and sternothyroid
29
What are the 2 nerves which supply the muscles of the vocal cords?
Recurrent laryngeal and superior laryngeal nerves
30
What is the location of the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves in relation to thyroid gland?
Recurrent - runs between trachea and oesophagus Superior - between thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone
31
From which major artery in the neck does the superior thyroid artery arise?
External carotid artery
32
From which artery does the inferior artery arise?
Subclavian artery
33
Which vein does the superior and middle thyroid vein drain into?
Internal jugular vein
34
Which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?
Brachiocephalic vein
35
Describe the histology of the thyroid gland
Hormones of thyroid gland are stored in cavities and surrounded by secretory cells These make up a follicle Within the follicle - the hormone is bound to a glycoprotein and called a colloid
36
What is A, B, C and D?
A - colloid B - follicular cells C - follicle D - parafollicular cells/ clear cells
37
What colour does the colloid stain?
Pink
38
What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?
T3 and T4 Calcitonin
39
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Lie on medial half of the posterior surface of each thyroid lobe, external to the thyroid fibrous capsule
40
Where are the superior parathyroids situated?
Level of inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
41
Where are the inferior parathyroids situated?
Near the inferior poles of the thyroid, though position is variable
42
Describe the arterial blood supply of both superior and inferior parathyroid glands
Predominantly from inferior thyroid arteries
43
Describe the venous drainage of the superior and inferior parathyroid glands
Veins draining the thyroid to the internal jugular veins
44
What are the 2 cell types present in the parathyroid glands?
Chief cells - more numerous and have darker staining cytoplasm Oxyphil cells
45
What hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete and its function?
PTH Regulation of Ca levels in the blood
46
What cells does PTH act upon and what is the action?
Osteoclasts - reabsorption of bone which releases Ca Intestinal cells - indirectly causes an increase in the activity of the enzyme which activates Vit D which promotes Ca absorption from intestines Kidney cells - decreases urinary excretion of Ca and increases K excretion
47
How are the adrenal glands peritonised?
Retroperitoneal
48
What are the 2 parts of the suprarenal glands?
Outer cortex and inner medulla
49
What are the embryological origins of the cortex and medulla of the suprarenal gland?
Cortex - mesodermal epithelium Medulla - neuroectoderm
50
Describe the blood supply of the suprarenal glands
Arise from inferior phrenic arteries (superior), aorta (middle) and renal arteries (inferior suprarenal artery)
51
Describe the venous drainage of the suprarenal glands
One suprarenal vein On right side drains into IVC On left side drain into left renal vein
52
What are the 3 distinct zones of the cortex?
Outer zona glomerulosa Middle zona fasciculata Inner zona reticularis
53
What does the medulla of the suprarenal glands secrete?
Large ovoid chromaffin cells secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline
54
What are the main 3 hormones secreted by the 3 zones of the cortex?
G - aldosterone F - Glucocorticoids R - sex hormones
55
Is the pancreas intra or retro peritoneal?
Pancreas head and body - retro Tail - intra
56
What are the parts of the pancreas?
Head, Neck, Body, Tail and Uncinate process
57
What is the level of the transpyloric plane?
L1
58
What arteries supply the pancraes?
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery Gastroduodenal artery Splenic artery Superior mesenteric artery
59
What cell types are found in the islets of Langerhans and what do they secrete?
Alpha - glucagon Beta - insulin Delta - somatostatin P - pancreatic polypeptide

Urinary and Endocrine System Anatomy (4 decks)

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