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Pharm Year 3 Sem1 patient > Endocrinolgy (SEM1) > Flashcards

Endocrinolgy (SEM1) Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the hypothalamus situated?

A

below the thalamus, above brain stem

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2
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

releasing hormones and regulating body temperature

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3
Q

how is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland?

A

via the infundibulum

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4
Q

how many lobes does the pituitary lobe have?

what are these?

A

Two: the anterior and posterior lobes

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5
Q

how is the posterior pituitary lobe connected to the hypothalamus?

A

via magnocellular neurons -

these have long axons which extend down the posterior lobe from the hypothalamus

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6
Q

how is the anterior pituitary lobe connected to the hypothalamus?

A

via parvicellular neurons -
secrete regulatory hormones into the bloodstream which travel through the portal system in the anterior pituitary lobe triggering secretion of more hormones

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7
Q

Another name for the pituitary gland is ?

A

The hypophysis

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8
Q

Another name for the anterior pituitary lobe is ?

A

the endohypophysis

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9
Q

another name for the posterior pituitary gland is the..?

A

the neurohypophysis

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10
Q

The infundibulum is also know as…?

A

The pituitary stalk

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11
Q

What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary lobe? what are the effects of these hormones?

A

Growth hormone -promotes growth of tissues
Prolactin - promotes milk production from mammary glands
LH -stimulates androgen production by gonads
FSH - stimulates gamete production by gonads
TSH - stimulates thyroid release from the thyroid
Adrenocorticotropic hormone - stimulates hormone release from adrenal cortex

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12
Q

Hormones of the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

ADH - binds to receptors on kidney causing water retention via increased water reabsorption
oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. Also essential formula ejection reflex

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13
Q

Where is the pineal gland located? How big is it?

A

It is located in the epithalamus 2 hemispheres, in the centre of the brain
it is 6mm long

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14
Q

What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland? what cell secretes it? What is the effect of this hormone?

A

melatonin - controls circadian rhythm of the body. secreted by pinealocytes

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15
Q

what inhibits the production of melatonin? What is it used to treat?

A

light to the retina

SAD and insomnia

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16
Q

What is a hormone?

A

a chemical messenger released by a gland that invokes an effect on a target cell

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17
Q

Endocrine signalling has an effect on

A

distant target e.g. pituitary gland to adrenal gland

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18
Q

Paracrine signalling has an effect on

A

neighbouring target e.g. eyelets of Langerhans

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19
Q

Autocrine signalling has an effect on

A

same cell e.g. beta cells in liver

20
Q

Name 3 steroid derived hormones

A

cortisol, aldosterone and testosterone

21
Q

Name 4 protein derived hormones

A

GSH, Lh, hCRG, Prolactin

22
Q

Name 3 peptide derived hormones

A

ADH, oxytocin and melatonin

23
Q

name 4 amino acid derived hormones

A

noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine,T4 (all from tyrosine)

24
Q

describe how oxytocin and ADH can cause cross -reactions

A

large quantities of oxytocin can have an anti-diuretic effect whilst high levels of ADH can cause uterine contractions in females

25
\where is insulin produced? Describe the structure
Insulin is produced in the pancreas. It has a hetero dimer protein structure (2 alpha chains linked by disulphide bonds)
26
What hormone is derived from tryptophan?
melatonin
27
name the primary endocrine organs
pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus and adrenal glands. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are neuroendocrine organs.
28
name the secondary endocrine organs
skin, heart,GI tract, kidneys
29
t3 hormone stands for? What does it do?
tri-iodothyronine,, regulates metabolism.
30
t4 hormone is? what does it do?
thyroxine? regulates metabolism
31
the thymus is the site of
T cell maturation and thymosin production
32
what is the function of thymosin?
stimulates T cell activity and antibody production in the bone marrow
33
most common thymus disease is myasthenia gravis. What is this?
the over-production of antibodies directed towards the nAChR at the neuromuscular junction, causing the muscles to become weak and easily tired. 
34
describe pancreatic endocrine function?
production of insulin, glucagon,somatostatin,ghrelin,pancreatic polypeptide
35
where are the adrenal glands located?
At the top of the kidneys
36
2 regions of the adrenal glands?
central cortex and outer medulla
37
what are the ovaries? What hormones do they produces
the female reproductive organs | they secrete steroid hormones: oestrogen and progesterone and protein hormones inhibit and relaxin
38
what are tropic hormones?
Tropic hormones are those that have other endocrine glands as their targets
39
what does exocrine mean?
Pertaining to the secretion of a substance out through a duct.
40
what does endocrine mean?
Pertaining to the secretion of a substance from a gland to the bloodstream
41
which hormones regulate ovaries? where are these hormones produced?
FSH and LH (gonadatropins) the anterior pituitary gland
42
what are the testes? What hormones do they produces
male reproductive organs steroid hormones (androgens) primarily testosterone
43
describe the endocrine function of the placenta?
production of: Steroid hormones Oestrogens Progesterone Protein hormones Chorionic Gonadotropin (CG) Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH ) Placental Lactogenic (PL) these hormone
44
describe the endocrine function of the placenta?
production of: Steroid hormones Oestrogens Progesterone Protein hormones Chorionic Gonadotropin (CG) Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH ) Placental Lactogenic (PL) these hormones are important for healthy pregnancy
45
name hormones produced in the: heart kidneys Skin
Heart: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) stimulates kidney to secrete more salt - lowers BP Kidney: Juxtaglomerular cells secrete Renin Renin indirectly signals adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone Erythropoietin: signals bone marrow to increase RBC production Skin:Modified cholesterol with UV exposure becomes Vitamin D precursor Vitamin D necessary for calcium metabolism

Pharm Year 3 Sem1 patient (12 decks)

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