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Pharm Year 3 Sem1 patient > Endocrinolgy (SEM1) > Flashcards

Endocrinolgy (SEM1) Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the hypothalamus situated?

A

below the thalamus, above brain stem

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2
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

releasing hormones and regulating body temperature

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3
Q

how is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland?

A

via the infundibulum

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4
Q

how many lobes does the pituitary lobe have?

what are these?

A

Two: the anterior and posterior lobes

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5
Q

how is the posterior pituitary lobe connected to the hypothalamus?

A

via magnocellular neurons -

these have long axons which extend down the posterior lobe from the hypothalamus

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6
Q

how is the anterior pituitary lobe connected to the hypothalamus?

A

via parvicellular neurons -
secrete regulatory hormones into the bloodstream which travel through the portal system in the anterior pituitary lobe triggering secretion of more hormones

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7
Q

Another name for the pituitary gland is ?

A

The hypophysis

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8
Q

Another name for the anterior pituitary lobe is ?

A

the endohypophysis

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9
Q

another name for the posterior pituitary gland is the..?

A

the neurohypophysis

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10
Q

The infundibulum is also know as…?

A

The pituitary stalk

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11
Q

What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary lobe? what are the effects of these hormones?

A

Growth hormone -promotes growth of tissues
Prolactin - promotes milk production from mammary glands
LH -stimulates androgen production by gonads
FSH - stimulates gamete production by gonads
TSH - stimulates thyroid release from the thyroid
Adrenocorticotropic hormone - stimulates hormone release from adrenal cortex

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12
Q

Hormones of the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

ADH - binds to receptors on kidney causing water retention via increased water reabsorption
oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. Also essential formula ejection reflex

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13
Q

Where is the pineal gland located? How big is it?

A

It is located in the epithalamus 2 hemispheres, in the centre of the brain
it is 6mm long

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14
Q

What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland? what cell secretes it? What is the effect of this hormone?

A

melatonin - controls circadian rhythm of the body. secreted by pinealocytes

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15
Q

what inhibits the production of melatonin? What is it used to treat?

A

light to the retina

SAD and insomnia

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16
Q

What is a hormone?

A

a chemical messenger released by a gland that invokes an effect on a target cell

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17
Q

Endocrine signalling has an effect on

A

distant target e.g. pituitary gland to adrenal gland

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18
Q

Paracrine signalling has an effect on

A

neighbouring target e.g. eyelets of Langerhans

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19
Q

Autocrine signalling has an effect on

A

same cell e.g. beta cells in liver

20
Q

Name 3 steroid derived hormones

A

cortisol, aldosterone and testosterone

21
Q

Name 4 protein derived hormones

A

GSH, Lh, hCRG, Prolactin

22
Q

Name 3 peptide derived hormones

A

ADH, oxytocin and melatonin

23
Q

name 4 amino acid derived hormones

A

noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine,T4 (all from tyrosine)

24
Q

describe how oxytocin and ADH can cause cross -reactions

A

large quantities of oxytocin can have an anti-diuretic effect whilst high levels of ADH can cause uterine contractions in females

25
Q

\where is insulin produced? Describe the structure

A

Insulin is produced in the pancreas. It has a hetero dimer protein structure (2 alpha chains linked by disulphide bonds)

26
Q

What hormone is derived from tryptophan?

A

melatonin

27
Q

name the primary endocrine organs

A

pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus and adrenal glands. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are neuroendocrine organs.

28
Q

name the secondary endocrine organs

A

skin, heart,GI tract, kidneys

29
Q

t3 hormone stands for? What does it do?

A

tri-iodothyronine,, regulates metabolism.

30
Q

t4 hormone is? what does it do?

A

thyroxine? regulates metabolism

31
Q

the thymus is the site of

A

T cell maturation and thymosin production

32
Q

what is the function of thymosin?

A

stimulates T cell activity and antibody production in the bone marrow

33
Q

most common thymus disease is myasthenia gravis. What is this?

A

the over-production of antibodies directed towards the nAChR at the neuromuscular junction, causing the muscles to become weak and easily tired.

34
Q

describe pancreatic endocrine function?

A

production of insulin, glucagon,somatostatin,ghrelin,pancreatic polypeptide

35
Q

where are the adrenal glands located?

A

At the top of the kidneys

36
Q

2 regions of the adrenal glands?

A

central cortex and outer medulla

37
Q

what are the ovaries? What hormones do they produces

A

the female reproductive organs

they secrete steroid hormones: oestrogen and progesterone and protein hormones inhibit and relaxin

38
Q

what are tropic hormones?

A

Tropic hormones are those that have other endocrine glands as their targets

39
Q

what does exocrine mean?

A

Pertaining to the secretion of a substance out through a duct.

40
Q

what does endocrine mean?

A

Pertaining to the secretion of a substance from a gland to the bloodstream

41
Q

which hormones regulate ovaries? where are these hormones produced?

A

FSH and LH (gonadatropins) the anterior pituitary gland

42
Q

what are the testes? What hormones do they produces

A

male reproductive organs

steroid hormones (androgens) primarily testosterone

43
Q

describe the endocrine function of the placenta?

A

production of:
Steroid hormones
Oestrogens
Progesterone

Protein hormones
Chorionic Gonadotropin (CG)
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH )
Placental Lactogenic (PL)

these hormone

44
Q

describe the endocrine function of the placenta?

A

production of:
Steroid hormones
Oestrogens
Progesterone

Protein hormones
Chorionic Gonadotropin (CG)
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH )
Placental Lactogenic (PL)

these hormones are important for healthy pregnancy

45
Q

name hormones produced in the:
heart
kidneys
Skin

A

Heart: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) stimulates kidney to secrete more salt - lowers BP
Kidney: Juxtaglomerular cells secrete Renin
Renin indirectly signals adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

Erythropoietin: signals bone marrow to increase RBC production

Skin:Modified cholesterol with UV exposure becomes Vitamin D precursor Vitamin D necessary for calcium metabolism

Pharm Year 3 Sem1 patient (12 decks)

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