Endocrinology 13 and 14

Question 1

What three things do Thyroid hormones do?

Answer 1

• Act on most tissues and change transcription and translation
• Increase metabolism
• Necessary for growth and development

Question 2

How does thyroid hormone affect the basal metabolic rate?

Answer 2

They increase the BMR

Question 3

How does thyroid hormone affect O2 consumption and heat production?

Answer 3

It increases both

Question 4

How does Thyroid hormones affect CHO absorption and utilization?

Answer 4

It increases both

Question 5

How does thyroid hormone affect proteins?

Answer 5

It increases protein breakdown (muscle)

Question 6

How does Thyroid hormones affect fats?

Answer 6

It increases fat breakdown

Question 7

How does Thyroid hormone affect cholesterol?

Answer 7

It increases cholesterol metabolism which decreases blood cholesterol level

Question 8

How does thyroid hormone affect growth and development?

Answer 8

They can act as tissue growth factors

Question 9

In what amounts can thyroid hormone increase protein synthesis?

Answer 9

In small amounts

Question 10

How does thyroid hormone affect GH and IGF?

Answer 10

It increases the output of growth hormone which increases the output of insulin-like growth factor

Question 11

What are the thyroid hormones essential for?

Answer 11

CNS maturation in fetus/newborn

Question 12

How do the thyroid hormones affect the cardiovascular system?

Answer 12

They increase the rate and the force with which the heart is beating

Question 13

How do the thyroid hormones affect the autonomic system?

Answer 13

They increase the activity of certain subtypes and receptors (like beta-adrenergic receptors)

Question 14

How do the thyroid hormones affect the reproductive system?

Answer 14

Imbalance affects fertility

Question 15

How do the thyroid hormones affect the bones?

Answer 15

It increases bone turnover

Question 16

Where is Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) released from and what does it do?

Answer 16

It is released for the hypothalamus and stimulates the anterior pituitary to release TSH

Question 17

Where is TSH released from and what does it do?

Answer 17

It is released from the anterior pituitary can causes T3 and T4 to be released from the thyroid gland

Question 18

How is T3 and T4 release inhibited?

Answer 18

By T3 and T4 exerting negative feedback on the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus to stop them from releasing TRH and TSH

Question 19

What is the overactivity of the thyroid gland associated with?

Answer 19

Graves disease

Question 20

What is Grave Disease?

Answer 20

An autoimmune disorder which stimulates the thyroid gland

Question 21

What are the symptoms of Graves disease?

Answer 21

An increase in basal metabolic rate, exophthalmos and goitre

Question 22

What is underactivity of the thyroid associated with?

Answer 22

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis or Iodine deficiency

Question 23

What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

Answer 23

An autoimmune disorder which destroys the thyroid gland or blocks hormone synthesis

Question 24

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 24

• Myxedema
• Goitre
• Cretinism

Question 25

Where is most of the calcium in the body located?

Answer 25

In the bone

Question 26

Where is the rest of calcium not in bones found?

Answer 26

In other tissues

Question 27

What can the calcium found in tissues be divided into?

Answer 27

The extracellular and intracellular fluid

Question 28

Where is most of the calcium in the tissues found?

Answer 28

In the intracellular fluid

Question 29

Of the intracellular calcium how much is in the bound form?

Answer 29

Majority in the bound form than free form

Question 30

Of the extracellular calcium how much is in the bound form?

Answer 30

Equal mix (50/50)

Question 31

Which calcium is under hormonal control?

Answer 31

The free calcium in the extracellular fluid

Question 32

Which concentration of calcium is greater in the ECF than the ICF?

Answer 32

The concentration of free ionized calcium

Question 33

Where can we get calcium from?

Answer 33

* Diet | * Bone

Question 34

Why is calcium so important?

Answer 34

* Structural role * Blood coagulation * Intracellular messenger * Regulation of excitability

Question 35

What is phosphate important for?

Answer 35

* Structural role * Metabolism * Buffer

Question 36

Where does Parathyroid hormone come from?

Answer 36

The parathyroid glands

Question 37

Where can active vitamin D act as a hormone?

Answer 37

In the kidneys

Question 38

Where is calcitonin derived from?

Answer 38

C-cells in the thyroid gland

Question 39

What are the three targets of calcium influencing drugs?

Answer 39

* Bone * GI tract * Kidneys

Question 40

What is bone made up of largely?

Answer 40

A calcified matrix

Question 41

What is the calcified matrix made of?

Answer 41

* A protein framework (osteoid, mainly collagen) | * Calcium and phosphate salts (mainly hydroxyapatite)

Question 42

What are the three types of cells present in the bone?

Answer 42

* Osteoblasts * Osteoclasts * Osteocytes

Question 43

What are Osteoblasts known as?

Answer 43

Bone forming cells

Question 44

What are Osteoclasts known as?

Answer 44

The bone destroying cells

Question 45

What are the most common type of cell in the bone?

Answer 45

Osteocytes