Renal Physl 1-3

Question 1

What is the urinary system comprised of?

Answer 1

The kidneys and associated structures

Question 2

Where are the kidneys found?

Answer 2

In the posterior abdomen behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine

Question 3

How long is each kidney?

Answer 3

About 10cm long

Question 4

What is each kidney supplied with?

Answer 4

A neurovascular bundle

Question 5

What does the neurovascular bundle consist of?

Answer 5

The renal arteries, veins, nerves, lymphatics and the ureter

Question 6

What do the ureters drain into?

Answer 6

The urinary bladder

Question 7

What reflex does the bladder use to contract?

Answer 7

The micturition reflex

Question 8

What occurs during the micturition reflex?

Answer 8

The muscular bladder contracts to push urine through the urethra where it can then leave the body

Question 9

Where does the urethra pass through in males?

Answer 9

The urethra passes through the prostate gland and is located within the shaft of the penis

Question 10

What does the female urethra serve as a conduit for?

Answer 10

Exclusively for urine unlike males

Question 11

Why can bacteria enter the female urethra more easily?

Answer 11

Because of its shorter length and close location to the anus

Question 12

Which side of the kidney has a dip?

Answer 12

The medial side that faces the spine

Question 13

What is the dip in the kidneys known as?

Answer 13

The renal hilum

Question 14

Which vessels enter and leave at the renal hilum?

Answer 14

The renal artery enters the kidney and the renal vein leaves. Lymphatic vessels and nerves also track along the renal vessels. The ureter also emerges from the renal hilum

Question 15

What does the ureter do?

Answer 15

Conducts urine down to the bladder

Question 16

What are the kidneys covered in?

Answer 16

A tough fibrous capsule

Question 17

What does the tough fibrous capsule surrounding the kidneys do?

Answer 17

Protects the delicate inner structure of the kidney while facilitating hemodynamic functions

Question 18

What are the two key regions on the inside of the kidney?

Answer 18

The inner medulla and the outer cortex

Question 19

What is the medulla divided into?

Answer 19

Cone shaped regions called renal pyramids

Question 20

Where is the wide base of each pyramid located?

Answer 20

At the border between the cortex and the medulla

Question 21

What does the narrow top of each pyramid end in?

Answer 21

A strucuture called the pepilla

Question 22

What do the renal papilla project to?

Answer 22

The upper end of the ureter called the renal pelvis

Question 23

What does urine from each papilla drain into?

Answer 23

Pouches called minor calyces that join into major calyces

Question 24

What borders the renal pelvis?

Answer 24

The major calyces

Question 25

What does the structural tissue of the calyces and renal pelvis feature?

Answer 25

Contractile elements that exhibit rhythmic contractions that serve to push urine down towards the bladder

Question 26

What part of the kidneys has contractile tissue?

Answer 26

The calyces of the renal pelvis and the ureter

Question 27

What percent of cardiac output does the kidneys receive?

Answer 27

22%

Question 28

What does the renal artery branch into once it enters the hilum in order?

Answer 28

* Interlobar arteries * Arcuate arteries * Interlobular arteries * Afferent arterioles * Glomerular capillaries * Efferent artierioles

Question 29

What blood vessels arise from the Glomerular capillaries?

Answer 29

Efferent arterioles

Question 30

What capillary bed does the efferent arterioles form?

Answer 30

The peritubular capillaries

Question 31

What are the characteristics of the capillary beds in the kidneys?

Answer 31

The kidneys contain two capillary bed in series

Question 32

What do the peritubular capillaries drain into?

Answer 32

Interlobular veins

Question 33

What is the order of blood vessels form the glomerular capillaries?

Answer 33

* Efferent arteriole * Peritubular capillaries * Interlobular veins * Arcuate veins * Interlobar veins * Renal vein

Question 34

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 34

The nephron

Question 35

What percent of each type of nephron is located where?

Answer 35

80% of nephrons are located within the cortex and the remaining 20% begin at the border of the cortex and the medulla

Question 36

What are the characteristics of the 20% of nephrons that begin at the border of the cortex and medulla?

Answer 36

They have long tubules which project deep into the medulla

Question 37

What are cortical nephrons?

Answer 37

Nephrons located in the cortex

Question 38

What are juxtamedullary neurons?

Answer 38

The 20% of neurons that extend into the medulla

Question 39

What do peritubular capillaries surround?

Answer 39

The renal tubules

Question 40

What is unique about the peritubular capillaries in juxtamedullary nephrons?

Answer 40

They are longer and more specialized

Question 41

What is the vasa reca?

Answer 41

The peritubular capillaries that surround the renal tubules

Question 42

What is the first part of a nephron?

Answer 42

The Bowman's capsule

Question 43

What does the Bowman's capsule surround?

Answer 43

Tthe glomerular tuft

Question 44

What is the Renal Corpuscle?

Answer 44

Bowman's capsule + glomerulus

Question 45

What enters Bowman's capsule?

Answer 45

Fluid filtering from the capillaries

Question 46

What is the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries fused with?

Answer 46

The epithelium of Bowman's capsule

Question 47

What does the fusion of the endothelium of the glomerulus with the epithelium bowman's capsule do?

Answer 47

Ensures that any fluid that filters out of the the capillaries flow directly into bowman's capsule and into the lumen of the tubular portion of the nephron

Question 48

What happens once fluid enters Bowman's capsule?

Answer 48

It flows through successive segments of the renal tubules

Question 49

What is the order of flow from the Bowman's capsule?

Answer 49

* Proximal tubule * Loop of henle * Distal tubule * Collecting duct * Renal pelvis * Ureter, bladder, urethra

Question 50

What does the ascending portion of the loop of henle feature?

Answer 50

Thick and thin segments

Question 51

What does the collecting duct transverse?

Answer 51

The medulla

Question 52

What meets at the collecting duct?T

Answer 52

Filtrate from multiple nephrons

Question 53

Where do the collecting ducts drain into?

Answer 53

The renal pelvis which drain into the renal medulla

Question 54

What does the ascending limb of the loop of henle pass between?

Answer 54

The afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 55

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 55

The ascending portion of the loop of henle that passes through the afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 56

Describe the tubular wall?

Answer 56

* Epithelial cells * Connected by tight junctions * Apical and basolateral surface

Question 57

What are the features of the apical surface of the tube?

Answer 57

It faces the tubular lumen (renal interstitium) and forms microvilli

Question 58

What does the basal end of the epithelial cells rast on?

Answer 58

The basement membrane

Question 59

What is the Renal interstitium?

Answer 59

The space surround the nephrons and the peritubular capillaries