ENDOCRINOLOGY

Question 1

2 PHYSIOLOGIC REGULATORY SYSTEMS
 Significant in order to maintain stable internal
environment; to ensure homeostasis which
describes a continuously ongoing process allowing the body to function at an optimal level
1
2

Answer 1

ENDOCRINOLOGY
 Endocrine system
 Nervous system
-Neuroendocrine system

Question 2

Release of chemical (Neurotransmitter) across synapse
Effect will be restricted to those target cells actually innervated
Effect will be generated within milliseconds

Answer 2

Nervous System

Question 3

Release of chemical (hormone) into bloodstream
Effect can be on many target cells spread
throughout the body
Effect will take place over a relatively long
time span ranging from seconds to days

Answer 3

Endocrine System

Question 4

TYPES OF GLANDS

Answer 4

Endocrine
Exocrine

Question 5

Ductless glands; the hormones will be
directed towards the circulatory system
reaching its target tissue/organ
 Products/chemicals: ___

Answer 5

Endocrine
- hormones

Question 6

Contains ducts; are
attached to specific ducts and the
secretion are released directly towards the
outer body surface or in the internal organs
 Products: ___,__,__

Answer 6

Exocrine
- enzyme, mucus, sweat

Question 7

A network of ductless glands that secret hormones directly into the blood.
 considered to be the regulatory system of the body.
 It is regulated by means of control of hormone
synthesis rather than by degradation

Answer 7

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Question 8

TYPES OF ENDOCRINE CONTROL

Answer 8

POSITIVE FEEDBACK
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Question 9

An increased in the product also increases the
activity of the system and production rate
 Increased need for a particular compound
= increased hormone to be released
 Ex: __ and __

Answer 9

POSITIVE FEEDBACK
- gonadal hormone & adrenocortical
hormone

Question 10

An increased in the product decreases the activity of the system and the production rate
 Once the hormone was released and has
caused a significant effect/ increase in a
particular product, automatically the body
signals the particular gland to stop
releasing hormones.
 Ex._____

Answer 10

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
- Luteinizing hormone

Question 11

MAJOR GLANDS OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Answer 11

Pituitary Gland
 Thyroid Gland
 Parathyroid Gland
 Adrenal Gland
 Pancreas
 Reproductive Glands
(ovaries & testes)
 Thymus Gland
 Pineal Gland

Question 12

Are chemical compounds secreted into the blood that affect target tissues generally at a site distant from original production (can also be at immediate site)
- Play an important role in the equilibrium,
homeo stasis, growth, and development of an
organism
- Regulated by the metabolic activity depending on the characteristic of the hormone:
1
2

Answer 12

HORMONE
- Positive Feedback
- Negative Feedback

Question 13

secreted in one location and release
into blood circulation; binds to specific receptor to elicit physiological response.

Answer 13

Endocrine

Question 14

secreted in endocrine cells and
released into interstitial space; binds to specific
receptor in adjacent cell and affects its function.

Answer 14

Paracrine

Question 15

secreted in endocrine cells and
sometimes released into interstitial space; binds to specific receptor on cell of origin resulting selfregulation of its function

Answer 15

Autocrine

Question 16

secreted in endocrine cells and
remains in relation to plasma membrane; acts on immediately adjacent cell by direct cell- to –cell contact.

Answer 16

Juxtacrine

Question 17

secreted in endocrine cells and
released into lumen of gut; it affects their function

Answer 17

Exocrine

Question 18

secreted in neurons and released
into extracellular space; binds to receptor nearby cell and affects its function.

Answer 18

Neurocrine

Question 19

secreted in neurons and
released from nerve endings; interacts with
receptors of cells at distant site.

Answer 19

Neuroendocrine

Question 20

secreted in the endocrine cells and
remained as well as function inside the synthesis of origin.

Answer 20

Intracrine

Question 21

HORMONAL INTERACTION

Answer 21

Pertains to activity/actions of hormones that are not stand alone. Some hormones need other organs to make its activity more potent and effective.

Question 22

When two or more hormones work
together to produce a particular result.
May be complimentary or additive

Answer 22

Synergistic

Question 23

When the action of a second hormone enhances the responsiveness of a target organ to the
second hormone, or when it increases
the activity of the second hormone

Answer 23

Permissive

Question 24

The actions of on hormone antagonize
the effects of another

Answer 24

Antagonistic

Question 25

from hypothalamus; promote secretion of Ant. Pituitary hormones  Ex: __ and __

Answer 25

Releasing hormones -Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, Somato

Question 26

from hypothalamus & GIT; suppress the secretion of a particular hormone  Ex: ____

Answer 26

Inhibitory hormones - Somatostatin/ growth inhibitory hormone

Question 27

stimulate growth & activity of other endocrine glands

Answer 27

Tropic hormones

Question 28

secreted by all endocrine glands & w/ non endocrine cells as targets

Answer 28

Effector hormones

Question 29

Synthesized and stored within the cell in the form of secretory granules and are cleaved as needed.  Cannot cross the cell membrane due to their large molecular size  Water soluble and not bound to carrier protein

Answer 29

PEPTIDES & PROTEINS

Question 30

Glycoprotein

Answer 30

TSH, LH, FSH, HcG, EPO

Question 31

Polypeptides

Answer 31

GHRH, CRH, TRH, GnRH, Somatostatin, PRF, ADH, Oxytocin, GH, ACTH, PRL, Calcitonin, PTH, Insulin, Glucagon

Question 32

Lipid molecules that have cholesterol as a common precursor.  Produced by: ___, ____, ___ and ____  Water insoluble (hydrophobic) and circulate bound to a carrier protein  Example: __,_____,___,___,___

Answer 32

STEROIDS - Adrenal glands, ovaries, testes & placenta - Cortisol, Aldosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone ( those having cholesterol as precursor ends with “ol” or “one)

Question 33

Derived from an amino acid and they are intermediary between steroid and protein hormones.  Not considered as polypeptides/proteins  Example: ___,____,____,___,____

Answer 33

AMINES - Melatonin, Serotonin, Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4), Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Question 34

Derived from fatty acids  with 20 carbon atom fatty acid (arachidonic fatty acid), involved in cellular activity  Example: ___,___,___

Answer 34

EICOSANOIDS - Prostaglandin, Thromboxane, Leukotrienes

Question 35

Portion of the brain located in the walls and third floor of the third ventricle.  Lies around the 3RD VENTRICLE in the brain  Above the pituitary gland and is connected to the ____  Serve as the link between the nervous system and endocrine system.

Answer 35

HYPOTHALAMUS -Infundibulum

Question 36

Regulates endocrine system - is responsible for releasing compounds that are significant in the regulation of the pituitary gland

Answer 36

HYPOTHALAMUS

Question 37

lies at the front of the hypothalamus, and has an important role in sight

Answer 37

Anterior: OPTIC CHIASMA

Question 38

at the back of the hypothalamus is important in the development of the nervous system

Answer 38

Posterior: MAMMILLARY BODY

Question 39

secretes compounds toward the pituitary gland in order for the hypothalamus to regulate compounds which will be released by the pituitary gland.

Answer 39

Neurons

Question 40

There is release of triiodothyronine so the thyroid hormones which are already present in the blood circulation will stop the Ant. Pituitary and Hypothalamus from further inducing the release of hormones which will stimulate the release of thyroid gland. The negative feedback mechanism tells the Ant. Pituitary to stop/decrease the release of TSH. Also, in order to decrease TSH release, the hypothalamus must also decrease the TRH release.

Answer 40

Open-loop negative feedback mechanism

Question 41

in circulation means if the thyroid hormone already decreases, the hypothalamus and ant. Pituitary can go back again to promote the release of hormones in order to induce again the release of thyroid hormone.

Answer 41

Open-loop negative feedback mechanism

Question 42

 All anterior pituitary hormones are secreted in pulsatile fashion. This dictates how frequent the endocrine glands release a particular hormone. The release of compounds is by intervals.

Answer 42

Pulsatility (pulse frequency of secretion)

Question 43

In variables during blood extraction, we consider diurnal/circadian rhythm of a compound. These are applicable in hormones. This means that the level of hormones vary depending on the time of the day that the sample is obtained. Majority of ant. Pituitary hormones have diurnal/circadian variation.

Answer 43

Cyclicity

Question 44

HORMONES OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS categories Target: Activity of Pituitary gland

Answer 44

RELEASING HORMONES INHIBITING HORMONES - Activity of Pituitary gland

Question 45

stimulates the production of TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Answer 45

TRH (Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone)

Question 46

stimulates the production of ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone)

Answer 46

CRH (Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone)

Question 47

stimulates production of GH (Growth Hormone)

Answer 47

GHRH ( Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone)

Question 48

stimulates production of FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone), LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

Answer 48

GnRH (Gonadal Releasing Hormone)

Question 49

stimulates production prolactin

Answer 49

PRF (Prolactin Releasing Factor)

Question 50

Inhibit Release-Inhibiting Hormone)

Answer 50

GHIH (Growth Hormone Inhibitory Hormone) aka Somatostatin aka SRIH (Somatotropin

Question 51

Inhibits release of Prolactin

Answer 51

PIF (Prolactin Inhibiting Factor)

Question 52

secretion is stimulated by systemic physiologic stress via: 1 2 3

Answer 52

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)  Neurons of subfornical origin  Neurons of nucleus tractus solitarius  Hypothalamic glutamatergic neurons  Hydroxytryptamine-secreting neurons

Question 53

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) Physiologic stimulus – ___,___,___ ____– inhibitory neurotransmitter CRH specifically affects ACTH release which is affected by the level of___,___,___

Answer 53

- stress, inflammation, hypoglycemia -GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) - serotonin, endorphins, acetylcholine

Question 54

Tripeptide hormone; the release is regulated by this secreting neurons in the paraventricular nucleus. This are innervated by the 1 2 - secretion is dependent on energy state and temperature of the organism. - directs its effect on the release of TSH which in turn affects the release of hormones from thyroid gland.

Answer 54

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) - Leptin - Neuropeptide Y & AgRP (Agouti related protein)

Question 55

produced by adipose tissue → acts to reduce appetite and raise energy expenditure as body fat stores rise

Answer 55

Leptin

Question 56

promote food intake

Answer 56

Neuropeptide Y & AgRP (Agouti related protein)

Question 57

Produced by neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the medial basal hypothalamus Simulators: ___,__,___  ___ is a neuropeptide expressed in endocrine, CNS, and PNS ___ - suppresses both GHRH and GH __ and ____ - increasing GHRH and GH secretion  ____ is from stomach which promotes food intake

Answer 57

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) -dopamine and galanin-secreting neurons, brainstem neurons w/ catecholaminergic inputs - Galanin - SRIH (Somatostatin release-inhibiting hormone) - Leptin and Ghrelin - Ghrelin

Question 58

Regulates the release of FSH & LH; the regulatory mechanism varies on the patient’s status specifically its menstrual cycle - secretion is stimulated by neurons that secrete:  Galanin-like peptide (GALP)  Kisspeptin – regulates puberty and reproduction  Glutamate  Neuropeptide Y  Norepinephrine  GABA  Acetylcholine Stimulates gonadotropin release Suppressed by: __,__,___

Answer 58

Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) - endorphins, dopamine, serotonin

Question 59

Found in 3rd cerebral ventricle of brain and midline Attached to midbrain Termed, bc it looks like a pine cone with latin term of “pinea” Produces melatonin (regulates circadian rhythm) -Tryptophan based hormone; decreases the pigmentation of the skin - Secretion are controlled by nerve stimuli

Answer 59

PINEAL GLAND| CONARIUM| EPIPHYSIS CEREBRI