Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MRCP 2 > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Prolactinoma - features

A

Excess prolactin in women:
Amenorrhoea
Infertility
Galactorrhoea
Osteoporosis

Excess prolactin in men:
Impotence
Loss of libido
Galactorrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Management of Prolactinomas

A

Dopamine Agonists (Bromocriptine/Carbergoline)

Trans-sphenoidal surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Treatment for acromegaly (1-4)

A
  1. Trans-sphenoidal surgery
  2. Somatostatin analogue - octreotide
  3. Pegvisomant - GH receptor antagonist
  4. Dopamine agonists (Bromocriptine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Kallman’s syndrome

A

LH & FSH low-normal
Testosterone is low

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

X-linked recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Most common drug cause of gynaecomastia

A

Spironolactone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

MEN type I

A

Pituitary (70%)

Parathyroid (95%)

Pancreas (50%): e.g. insulinoma, gastrinoma

MEN1 gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

MEN type IIa

A

Medullary thyroid cancer (70%)

Parathyroid (60%)

Phaeochromocytoma

RET oncogene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

MEN type IIb

A

Medullary thyroid cancer

Phaeochromocytoma

Marfanoid body habitus
Neuromas

RET oncogene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Major risks of over-replacement with thyroxine

A

Osteoporosis

Atrial fibrillation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ACTH-dependent causes of Cushings

A

Cushing’s disease (a pituitary adenoma → ACTH secretion)

Ectopic ACTH secretion secondary to a malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ACTH-independent causes of Cushing

A

Adrenal adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Newly diagnosed adults with type 1 diabetes - 1st line regime

A

Basal-bolus using twice-daily insulin detemir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Primary hypogonadism

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome

47, XXY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

A

Kallman’s syndrome

X-linked recessive trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

X-linked recessive

End-organ resistance to testosterone causing genotypically male children (46XY) to have a female phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gitelman’s syndrome

A

normotension
hypokalaemia
hypocalciuria
metabolic alkalosis

Defect in the thiazide-sensitive Na+ Cl- transporter in the distal convoluted tubule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Subclinical hyperthyroidism

A

Normal serum free thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels

TSH below normal range (usually < 0.1 mu/l)

(atrial fibrillation) (osteoporosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Associated electrolyte abnormalities in Addisons

A

Hyperkalaemia
Hyponatraemia
Hypoglycaemia
Metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The ? can be used to distinguish primary adrenal failure from secondary adrenal failure

A

Long Synacthen test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Phaeochromocytoma - Investigations

A

24 hr urinary collection of metanephrines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Management of Phaeochromocytoma

A

Surgery

Alpha-blocker (e.g. phenoxybenzamine), given before a
beta-blocker (e.g. propranolol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis include:

A

Acetazolamide use
Topiramate use
Renal tubular acidosis type 1 and type 2
Diarrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Type 1 RTA (distal)

A

Inability to generate acid urine (secrete H+) in distal tubule

Causes hypokalaemia

Nephrocalcinosis and renal stones

Associated with Sjogren’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Thiazolidinediones

A

PPAR-gamma receptor agonists

Adverse effects:
Fluid retention - therefore contraindicated in heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Precocious puberty - males
When puberty occurs before 9 in males
26
21-hydroxylase deficiency 11-beta hydroxylase deficiency
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Can cause excess steroid production due to peripheral cause and not central.
27
SGLT-2 inhibitors
Reversibly inhibit sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 in the PCT to reduce glucose reabsorption and increase urinary glucose excretion
28
APS type 2
Patients have Addison's disease plus either: Type 1 diabetes mellitus Autoimmune thyroid disease
29
Adverse effects of Thiazolidinediones
Weight gain Liver impairment Fluid retention Bladder cancer
30
Patients with T1DM for over 10 years should be considered for?
Statin therapy Atorvastatin 20mg OD
31
Thyrotoxic storm - treatment?
Beta blockers Propylthiouracil Hydrocortisone
32
Diabetic gastroparesis - long term management
Domperidone D2 Receptor Antagonist
33
Most common cause of Thyroid Cancer
Papillary Often young females - excellent prognosis
34
Prolactin secreting macroadenomas secrete very high quantities and PRL level can get how high usually?
>6000
35
Treatment of choice for moderately severe active Graves' ophthalmopathy.
IV methylprednisolone
36
Medullary thyroid cancer - screening
Calcitonin
37
Treatment of RTA
Correction of the acidaemia with: Oral sodium bicarbonate, Sodium citrate or potassium citrate
38
Most common cause of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Neisseria meningitidis
39
Rotterdam criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS
Clinical or biochemical evidence of hyperandrogenism Evidence of oligo- or anovulation Presence of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
40
Serum osmolarity equation
2 * Na+ + glucose + urea
41
First line treatment in diabetic neuropathy
Amitriptyline Duloxetine Gabapentin Pregabalin
42
Treatment for Grave's Disease
Carbimazole Radioiodine in refractory Grave's
43
Causes of Hypokalemia with Hypertension
Liddle Syndrome Cushing Disease Conn's Syndrome 11 Beta Hydroxylase deficiency
44
Liddle's syndrome - define
Autosomal dominant Hypertension and hypokalaemic alkalosis Disordered sodium channels in the distal tubules leading to increased reabsorption of sodium
45
Liddle's syndrome - treatment
Amiloride Triamterene
46
Contraindications to Radio-Iodine treatment
Pregnancy Breastfeeding Active thyroid eye disease (unless providing steroid cover)
47
Hypocalcaemia - ECG
Prolonged QTc Interval
48
Primary hyperaldosteronism Features?
Hypertension Hypokalaemia Metabolic alkalosis
49
Management of papillary and follicular cancer
Total thyroidectomy Followed by radioiodine (I-131) to kill residual cells Yearly thyroglobulin levels to detect early recurrent disease
50
Management of Hypocalcaemia
Intravenous calcium gluconate 10ml of 10% solution over 10 minutes
51
Pseudohypoparathyroidism - define
Target cell insensitivity to PTH due to a mutation in a G-protein ↑ PTH ↓ calcium ↑ phosphate
52
Most common electrolyte abnormality during alcohol withdrawal and is a recognised cause of seizures?
Hypophosphataemia
53
Gitelman's syndrome
Defect in the thiazide-sensitive Na+ Cl- transporter in the DCT Normotension Hypokalaemia Hypocalciuria Hypomagnesaemia Metabolic alkalosis
54
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
X-linked recessive End-organ resistance to testosterone causing genotypically male children (46XY) to have a female phenotype
55
SIADH - pathophysiology
Excessive release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - vasopressin, which leads to water retention, volume expansion, and dilutional hyponatraemia Importantly, this increase in body fluid volume does not lead to the expected signs of fluid overload, such as oedema or hypertension, because the excess fluid is uniformly distributed throughout all body fluid compartments.
56
Statins in pregnancy?
Contraindicated
57
Cushing's disease
pituitary adenoma → ACTH secretion
58
What test is used to differentiate between true Cushing's and pseudo-Cushing's.
Insulin stress test
59
Following radioiodine treatment, patients should avoid becoming pregnant for at least ?
6 months
60
Most common precipitating factors of DKA
Infection Missed insulin doses Myocardial infarction.
61
Fanconi syndrome
Disorder of proximal renal tubular function that leads to abnormal loss of bicarbonate, glucose, potassium, phosphate, uric acid and amino acids in the urine. Patients have features of Type 2 RTA
62
Anticholinergics for urge incontinence in elderly people
Mirabegron
63
Most effective drug for treating hypertriglyceridaemia
Fibrates
64
Treatment for Myxoedema coma
IV thyroid replacement IV fluid IV corticosteroids (until the possibility of coexisting adrenal insufficiency has been excluded)
65
Anion gap
(sodium + potassium) - (bicarbonate + chloride) A normal anion gap is 8-14 mmol/l
66
67
First-line in the management of nausea & vomiting in pregnancy/hyperemesis gravidarum
Anti-Histamines (Cyclizine/Promethazine)
68
Gestational diabetes threshold
Fasting glucose is >= 5.6 mmol/L 2-hour glucose is >= 7.8 mmol/L If at the time of diagnosis the fasting glucose level is >= 7 mmol/l insulin should be started
69
Hypokalaemia with hypertension
Cushing's syndrome Conn's syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism) Liddle's syndrome 11-beta hydroxylase deficiency
70
Hypokalaemia without hypertension
Diuretics GI loss (e.g. Diarrhoea, vomiting) Renal tubular acidosis (type 1 and 2**) Bartter's syndrome Gitelman syndrome
71
Management for familial hypercholesterolaemia 1st + 2nd Line
1. High dose Statin 2. Ezetimibe
72
Urinary incontinence - first-line treatment: Urge incontinence
Bladder retraining
73
Urinary incontinence - first-line treatment: Stress incontinence
Pelvic floor muscle training
74
In thyroid storm, treat acutely with propylthiouracil or carbimazole
Propylthiouracil
75
In pregnancy, there is an increase in the levels of
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
76
Gitelman's syndrome
Normotension Hypokalaemia Hypocalciuria

MRCP 2 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions