endocrinoly 3- the adrenal gland

Question 1

where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 1

on top of each kidney

Question 2

the adrenal gland is actually two _______ that form what?

Answer 2

two distinct glands

form one organ

Question 3

the adrenal _______ is the inner portion of the gland. what does it develop from?

Answer 3

adrenal medulla

develops from neural crest cells

Question 4

t/f: the adrenal medulla is part of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 4

true

Question 5

what does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 5

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 6

the _____________ makes up the outer portion of the adrenal gland. how many layers is it arranged into?

Answer 6

adrenal cortex

arranged into 3 layers

Question 7

what does the adrenal cortex develop from? what system is it part of?

Answer 7

develops from intermediate mesoderm

part of the ENDOCRINE system (not nervous)

Question 8

the adrenal medulla is a modified _____________

Answer 8

sympathetic ganglion

Question 9

what do the preganglionic neurons release onto the adrenal medulla?

Answer 9

acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 10

chromaffin cells have no _______, and instead secrete what substances?

Answer 10

have no axons

secrete NE and E

Question 11

what does the action of phenyl-N-methyltransferase lead to?

Answer 11

the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine

occurs in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

Question 12

the effects of NE and E as hormones mimic what?

Answer 12

the sympathetic nervous system acting via synapses with target organs

Question 13

t/f: norepinephrine remains in the blood longer than epinephrine

Answer 13

false

Question 14

name the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex

Answer 14

zona glomerulosa

zona fasciculata

zona reticularis

Question 15

which zone of the adrenal cortex releases mineralcorticoids? what hormone is produced?

Answer 15

zona glomerulosa

releases ALDOSTERONE

Question 16

which zone of the adrenal cortex releases DHEA and androstenedione? what category of hormones are these?

Answer 16

zona reticularis

androgen steriods- sex hormones

Question 17

cortisol and corticosterone are both released by the _______________. What type of hormones are these?

Answer 17

zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

they are GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Question 18

steroids from the adrenal cortex are released in response to ______, except which hormone?

Answer 18

in response to ACTH

Aldosterone is the exception- its secretion is regulated by other signals

Question 19

what is the major target of Aldosterone? what are the effects?

Answer 19

targets the Kidney

• stimulates Na+ and water RETENTION by the kidneys

Question 20

the zona glomerulosa contains high levels of ________, and is deficient in enzymes that convert corticosterone to what?

Answer 20

aldosterone synthase

deficient in enzymes that convert corticosterone into cortisol or androgens

Question 21

where is aldosterone synthase found?

Answer 21

in the zona glomerulosa (of the adrenal cortex)

Question 22

secretion of aldosterone is stimulated by:

Answer 22

• increase in plasma ANGIOTENSIN 2, ACTH, or potassium
• decrease in plasma pH
• decrease in blood pressure

Question 23

increased ______ intake will inhibit aldosterone secretion

Answer 23

sodium

Question 24

what are the 3 ways in which aldosterone increase reabsorption of Na+?

Answer 24

1) increase # of sodium channels
2) increase # of Na/K-ATPase pumps
3) increase ATP output from mitochondria (to supply pump)

Question 25

the zona fasciculata secretes __________

Answer 25

glucocorticoids

Question 26

what regulates glucocorticoid synthesis/secretion

Answer 26

ACTH

Question 27

ATCH is stimulated by ____. what hormone has a negative feedback effect on both of these

Answer 27

stimulated by CRH CORTISOL has a negative feedback on both

Question 28

what are the major effects of glucocorticoids?

Answer 28

increase metabolic fuel availability and use

Question 29

what are the minor effects of glucocorticoids that become important during a stress response?

Answer 29

- helps maintain blood pressure | - inhibits non-essential functions

Question 30

DHEA is the precursor to what other hormones?

Answer 30

precursor of other sex steroids

Question 31

____________ is the extragonadal source of testosterone and estradiol that can be made from DHEA

Answer 31

androstenedione

Question 32

what regulates androstenedione?

Answer 32

ACTH | NOT GnRH

Question 33

what are the effects of adrenal sex steroids?

Answer 33

mood effects, hair growth, erythropoiesis (red blood cells)

Question 34

the stress response is critical for maintaining __________

Answer 34

homeostasis

Question 35

what is a stress response?

Answer 35

responses of the stress acid to a stressor that stimulates HYPOTHALAMIC CRH neurons and inputs to the SNS

Question 36

what does SNS activation as a result of the stress response cause?

Answer 36

specific organ responses increased circulating epinephrine from adrenal medulla

Question 37

activation of the HPA axis results in what?

Answer 37

increased cortisol secretion

Question 38

name the 3 primary goals of the stress response

Answer 38

1) maintain blood pressure 2) mobilize metabolic fuel or increase availability 3) inhibit non-essential function

Question 39

cortisol has permissive actions on _________ receptors.

Answer 39

catecholamine receptors found on smooth muscle of vasculature

Question 40

how does cortisol maintain circulating conc. of blood glucose?

Answer 40

stimulating synthesis of liver enzymes for gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

Question 41

____________ are highly catabolic

Answer 41

glucocorticoids

Question 42

what is Addison's Disease?

Answer 42

Adrenal insufficiency NOT a complete lack of cortisol

Question 43

what are the causes for a primary insufficiency of adrenal hormones?

Answer 43

disease congenital disorders autoimmune disorder

Question 44

what are the causes for a secondary insufficiency of adrenal hormones?

Answer 44

(something happening UPSTREAM of the gland) - pituitary problem- no ACTH secretion - glucocorticoid therapy

Question 45

what are the symptoms of Addison's disease? how is it treated?

Answer 45

- LOW cortisol, HIGH ACTH - hyperpigmentation treat with exogenous glucocorticoids

Question 46

what causes Cushing's disease?

Answer 46

hypercortisolinemia | elevated adrenal gland output

Question 47

Cushing's syndrome is usually due to a ________ tumor

Answer 47

pituitary

Question 48

what hormone is relieved of negative feedback during Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 48

ACTH does not get neg feedback from circulating adrenal hormones

Question 49

the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome are related to elevated basal concentrations of _______

Answer 49

cortisol

Question 50

what are the symptoms of cushing's syndrome?

Answer 50

- excess catabolism of skin, bone and muscle - diabetes-like symptoms (cortisol is anti-insulin) - impaired immune function - threat of hypertension

Question 51

what is the treatment for Cushing's disease?

Answer 51

surgical removal of tumor

Question 52

when treating patients with Cushing's disease, what must a dentist be concerned with?

Answer 52

excess cortisol impares normal immune function - slow healing thin bone increased bleeding- from high BP

Question 53

what are the ramification of Addison's disease in dental patients?

Answer 53

- under anesthesia, the HR and BP will drastically drop

Question 54

peripheral concentrations of ______ can indicate adrenal activity

Answer 54

DHEA