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endocrinology lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how does the endocrine system differ from the other communication system?

A
  • routes of communication

- onset & duration of effects

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2
Q

what is the endocrine specificity on the target cell based on?

A

based on receptors on target cells

cell must contain appropriate receptor to be activated

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3
Q

target cells impart ________ via receptor expression

A

specificity

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4
Q

most hormones are ______

A

peptides (small proteins)

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5
Q

how does glycosylation effect the function of peptide hormones?

A
  • help enhance specificity of hormone

- help protect hormone from degridation

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6
Q

t/f: some lipid hormones function as neurotransmitters as well

A

FALSE

its peptide hormones that can function as NT’s

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7
Q

what are the 3 stages of peptide hormone synthesis?

A

preprohormone

prohormone

hormone

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8
Q

what is a preprohormone? how is it made?

A
  • 1st step of peptide hormone synthesis
  • comes off ribosomes with extra AA’s, gets folded, then passes thru rough ER
  • in the rough ER, the extra AA’s are cleaved
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9
Q

where are pre hormones sent for further processing?

A
  • sent to golgi: packed into vesicles

any extra AA’s are cleaved in the vesicles

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10
Q

where are peptide hormones stored? what stimulates their eventual release?

A

stored in secretory vesicles

the endocrine cell being stimulated causes their release

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11
Q

t/f: a peptide hormone is released from the endocrine cell along with its pro-fragments

A

true

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12
Q

what is the importance of packaging and storing peptide hormones?

A
  • gives cell a reserve of hormone

- pre, and pro, hormone steps provide regulation for cell, as well as feedback

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13
Q

lipid hormones are derived from what?

A

cholesterol

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14
Q

_______ determine which lipid hormone is produced

A

enzymes

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15
Q

t/f: steroid hormones are lipid hormones

A

true

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16
Q

what kinds of organs make steroid hormones?

A

testes, ovaries, adrenal glands, placenta, some cells in the brain

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17
Q

there are ______ different classes of steroids

A

5

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18
Q

cells making steroids get cholesterol from _____

A

LDL

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19
Q

steroidogenic cells have numerous _______ receptors on their plasma membranes

A

LDS

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20
Q

________ bring cholesterol into steroid-producing cells

A

endosomes

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21
Q

steroidogenic cells store cholesterol _______

A

esters

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22
Q

what is the effect of storing cholesterol esters in the steroidogenic cells?

A

inhibits de novo synthesis

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23
Q

what is the role of enzymes in steroidogenic cells?

A

different steroidogenic cells make different steroids based off which enzymes they have

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24
Q

steroid hormone synthesis is typically stimulated by what?

A

peptide hormones from other glands

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25
_____________ releases cholesterol from stores within steroidogenic cells
cholesterol esterase
26
what protein facilitates intracellular transport of cholesterol?
StAR | steroid acute regulatory protein
27
cholesterol is converted to steroids by _____ enzymes in the mitochondria
P450 enzymes | cytochromes
28
how is steroid hormone synthesis regulated?
- upregulated by synthesis of enzymes - regulatory peptide hormones stimulate steroid genesis - increase in the # of steroidogenic cells
29
t/f: steroid hormone precursors can be stored
FALSE they are all lipid based
30
what 2 enzymes are integral for steroid biosynthesis? (these were the 2 highlighted enzymes in the notes packet)
17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase aromatase
31
how are steroidogenic enzymes named?
named for the genes that encode them
32
most reactions of steroid biosynthesis are _____
unidirectional
33
during steroid biosynthesis, cholesterol is first turned into ________, a class of hormone
progestagens (progesterone)
34
progestagens can be converted into what other classes of hormones?
corticosteroids androgens estrogens
35
___________ are a class of hormones derived from arachanoic acid
eicosanoids
36
amine hormones are all derived from the amino acid _______
tyrosine
37
what hormones are in the "eicosanoids" class?
prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes
38
thyroid hormones are steroid hormones made by attaching ________, then dimerizing
iodine
39
what are the 2 thyroid hormones?
triiodothyronine (T3) thyroxine (T4)
40
which of the thyroid hormones is more common in circulation?
T4
41
thyroid hormones are steroid-like with respect to _________ and ________
solubility and receptors
42
where are catacholamines synthesized?
in the: adrenal gland (medulla) hypothalamus
43
what hormones are in the catecholamine class
- norepinephrine (NE) - epinephrine (E) - dopamine (DA)
44
___________ are common neurotransmitters
catecholamines
45
catacholamines are ______-like in respect to solubilityy and reseptors
peptide-like
46
most hormones are secreted in _____-____
short-bursts
47
timing of hormone release is based on what?
upstream signals
48
what are examples of hormones released in a circadian pattern?
GH & cortisol GH secreted at night, Cortisol secreted during the day
49
what are the 3 factors that control hormone secretion patterns?
1) plasma concentrations of a nutrient 2) neural control 3) hormonal control
50
______ control leads to the "short burst" secretion of hormones
neural
51
lipophilic hormones require ___________ to travel through the blood
carrier proteins
52
the use of carrier proteins affects hormone ________
availability
53
how are hormonal signals inactivated?
by the metabolism - proteolytic enzymes, peptolytic enzymes
54
degradation of a hormone in the blood is especially a problem for water-soluble hormones, such as _________ and _______
catecholamines & peptides
55
where are receptors for hydrophilic hormones found?
on cell surface (on plasma membrane)
56
receptor activation from a hormone triggers a _____________
signal transduction pathway (2nd messenger)
57
what happens during ionotropic responses?
- involves ions, rapid response | - generally means opening ion channels
58
what are the effects of a metabotropic response?
- involves metabolism, so its more delayed | - alters cell activity (can cause release of secretory vesicles)
59
t/f: both rapid and delayed responses are possible after hormone receptor activation
true
60
receptors for lipophilic hormones are _________
intracellular (cytosol) and/or nuclear
61
a receptor + its ligand forma a "___________" in lipophilic hormones
DNA-binding protein
62
what does a DNA-binding protein do?
regulates transcription - can stimulate or inhibit
63
what are some non-genomic actions of membrane receptors for steroid hormones?
- open ion channels, leads to an influx of calcium | - this is a much more rapid response than protein synthesis
64
where is the hypothalamus found?
on the floor of the diencephalon
65
the pituitary gland lies just below the hypothalamus, in the ___________
sella turcica
66
t/f: the pituitary gland, along with the hypothalamus, lies within the dura of the brain
FALSE pituitary gland lies outside the dura
67
what is the name for the anterior pituitary gland?
adenohyphosis
68
what is the name for the posterior pituitary?
neurohyphosis
69
the ________ connects the anterior and posterior pituitary gland
infundibulum
70
the adenohyphosis is made from an out pocketing of ___________
oral epithelium | Its NOT neural tissue
71
t/f: the 2 parts of the pituitary differ both in their developmental origin and their connection to the hypothalamus
true
72
the ________ pituitary is an extension of the hypothalamus, and does not directly synthesize any hormones
posterior
73
where are the hormones released from the pituitary synthesized?
synthesized in the neuronal cell bodies in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus
74
hormones of the posterior pituitary are released in response to what?
action potential hormones released into capillaries of systemic circulation
75
what are the hormones of the posterior pituitary?
- oxytocin (acts on smooth mm) | - vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
76
what is the adenohypophysis regulated by?
by hormones secreted by hypothalamic neurons
77
hypothalamic neurons secrete ________ hormones, which act on the ANTERIOR pituitary. where do the axons of these neurons lie?
hypophysiotropic (or releasing) hormones axons lie in the median eminence
78
in the anterior pituitary, there are _____ different cell types that produce _____ primary hormones
5 cell types 6 primary hormones
79
most hypophysiotropic hormones are named for what?
- named for the anterior pituitary hormone they regulate | - have the suffix "trope"
80
what are the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary? | there's 6 main ones
1) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 2) luteinizing hormone (LH) 3) growth hormone (GH) 4) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 5) prolactin (PRL) 6) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
81
____________ is a precursor polypeptide synthesized in corticotrophs
pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
82
what is POMC cleaved to yield?
cleaved to yield multiple peptides with varied actions and target tissues
83
what does the complexity of the hypothalamus & anterior pituitary system provide?
- multiple control sites | - permits amplification of initial signal
84
the release of hypophysiotropic hormones is also controlled by other hormones via ____________
feedback mechanisms
85
long-loop negative feedback is self-regulated by what?
by product/hormone of the ultimate target tissue
86
short-loop negative feedback occurs when?
when the hormone from the 2nd gland in the axis affects the action of the 1st gland

physio- exam 2 (5 decks)

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