endogenous fat pathway

Question 1

______ is a lipoprotein produced by the liver that provides the means for fats to be distributed throughout the body (endogenous pathway)

Answer 1

VLDL

Question 2

VLDL are assembled in ____

Answer 2

hepatocytes

Question 3

the core of VLDL contains ____ and ____ which were synthesized in the smooth ER or recovered from the uptake of other particles

Answer 3

cholesterol esters and triglycerides

Question 4

the final assembly of the VLDL occurs in the _____

Answer 4

Golgi apparatus

Question 5

Apo____ is inserted into the outer layer of VLDL to be an “address protein” that will ultimately be needed to recover the remnants of the particle

Answer 5

B100

Question 6

Apo ___ is also inserted into VLDL and is needed as a catalyst for lipoprotein lipase attached to the blood facing side of capillary endothelial cells in adipose and muscle tissue

Answer 6

C

Question 7

the VLDL is secreted from the liver into the _____ in a form called nascent

Answer 7

circulation

Question 8

upon entry into the blood. the nascent VLDL will pick up additional Apo proteins from HDL, including more ____ and ____

Answer 8

Apo C and Apo E

Question 9

VLDL comes in contact with _____ which is bound to the endothelial cells of capillaries in muscle and adipose tissue

Answer 9

lipoprotein lipase

Question 10

in order to catalyze the lipoprotein lipase reaction, ____ is present in the outer layer of the VLDL particle

Answer 10

Apo C

Question 11

lipoprotein lipase breaks down triglycerides into ___

Answer 11

free fatty acids

Question 12

_____ is a particle formed from VLDL depleted of triglycerides

Answer 12

IDL (intermediate density lipoprotein)

Question 13

IDL can be cleared up by the liver by ____

Answer 13

LDL receptors that recognize Apo B 100 and Apo E

Question 14

half of the IDL are taken up by the liver and the other half are converted to ____

Answer 14

LDL (low density lipoprotein)

Question 15

LDL accounts for about ____ of the total lipoprotein content of plasma

Answer 15

two thirds

Question 16

LDL is derived from ____ that has delivered a large portion of its triglyceride content to the tissues

Answer 16

VLDL

Question 17

human LDL particles contain __

Answer 17

cholesterol, proteins, phospholipids, triglycerides

Question 18

why is LDL the main carrier of plasma cholesterol

Answer 18

cholesterol is concentrated by removal of triglycerides and there is a large amount of LDL in the circulation

Question 19

when LDL levels are elevated above normal, there is good evidence that the development and progression of ______ is accelerated

Answer 19

atherosclerosis

Question 20

it is well documented that LDL is a major component of _________

Answer 20

atherosclerotic plaques

Question 21

LDL is said to be _____

Answer 21

proatherogenic

Question 22

how is LDL cleared from the circulation

Answer 22

it binds to LDL receptors that recognize ApoB100 as a ligand

Question 23

HDL is responsible for what is called _______

Answer 23

reverse cholesterol transport from tissues to liver

Question 24

HDL particles are formed by the ____

Answer 24

liver

Question 25

the first step in the formation of HDL is the synthesis of _____. the major protein associated with the HDL particle

Answer 25

apoA1

Question 26

apoA1 is secreted from the liver in association with _____

Answer 26

phospholipids

Question 27

once in the circulation, the new HDL particle begins to take up ______

Answer 27

free cholesterol

Question 28

HDL contains the enzyme _____

Answer 28

lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)

Question 29

LCAT ______ the free cholesterol and the result moves to the core of the HDL

Answer 29

esterifies

Question 30

the action of LCAT ensures that _____

Answer 30

concentrations of free cholesterol remain low (creates a concentration gradient for cholesterol to move into HDL)

Question 31

HDL returns the cholesterol ester to the liver by two mechanisms which involve ______

Answer 31

cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP)

Question 32

what 2 ways can HDL return cholesterol to the liver

Answer 32

it can transfer cholesterol esters to VLDL/IDL/LDL that are taken up by hepatocytes, or HDL itself can dock with hepatocytes and transfer cholesterol

Question 33

the removal of cholesterol from artery walls by reverse cholesterol transport is believed to account for the ________ effect of HDL--> this is why HDL is called good cholesterol

Answer 33

antiatherogenic