Endosymbionts (Lecture 2)

Question 1

True or False: The processing stage (between transcription and translation) is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Answer 1

False, only eukaryotes

Question 2

True or False: Nuclear export only in eukaryotes.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

What type of molecules form covalent bonds?

Answer 3

Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides

Question 4

What type of molecules form without a covalent bond?

Answer 4

Lipids

Question 5

What bond holds together 2 amino acids?

Answer 5

Peptide

Question 6

What type of bond holds two nucleotides together?

Answer 6

Phosphodiester bonds

Question 7

What type of bond holds lipids together?

Answer 7

Glycosidic

Question 8

What is apart of the primary structure for protein hierarchy?

Answer 8

Structure, sequence of amino acids

Question 9

What is apart of the secondary structure for protein hierarchy?

Answer 9

Alpha helices, beta sheets

Question 10

What is apart of the tertiary structure for protein hierarchy?

Answer 10

protein folding

Question 11

What is apart of the quaternary structure for protein hierarchy?

Answer 11

How proteins interact with each other

Question 12

What are the 6 functions of proteins?

Answer 12

Regulation
Signaling
Structure
Movement
Catalysis
Transport

Question 13

True or False: Macromolecules can have multiple distinct binding sites.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

True or False: Lactose is made up of glucose and fructose.

Answer 14

False, galactose and glucose

Question 15

True or False: Sucrose is made up of glucose and fructose.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

What is endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 16

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once primitive bacterial cells

Question 17

What are the four simlarities between mitchondria and chloroplasts to bacteria?

Answer 17

Own DNA (separate from
DNA in nucleus of cell)
—  
Bacterial type ribosomes
—  
Surrounded by double membrane
— 
Reproduce like bacteria, replicating own DNA and directing own division

Question 18

What are the four phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle?

Answer 18

G1, S G2 M, G0

Question 19

DNA replication occurs in what stage?

Answer 19

S

Question 20

Cell division occurs in what stage?

Answer 20

M

Question 21

RNA and protein synthesis occurs in what stage?

Answer 21

Both G1 and G2

Question 22

Cell constituents are made and cell increases in size occurs in what stage?

Answer 22

G1

Question 23

Cell performs chromosome segregation and cell division into two daughter cells occur in what stage?

Answer 23

M

Question 24

In what stage does the cell begin to prepare for mitosis?

Answer 24

G2

Question 25

In what stage are cells temporarily or permanently out of cell cycle?

Answer 25

G0

Question 26

In what stage does DNA replication duplicates each chromosome?

Answer 26

S

Question 27

What organelle in plasmodium falciparum can be linked to evidence of endosymbiosis?

Answer 27

Apicoplast (non-photosynthetic plastid, essential for survival)

Question 28

What are the two hosts for plasmodium falciparum?

Answer 28

Mosquito and human

Question 29

What are the key stages in the plasmodium falciparum?

Answer 29

Key human sites: — Liver (merozoites produced) Red blood cells (merozoites enter and begin to sporulate) Key mosquito sites: — Stomach (oocyst) —Salivary glands (sporozoites injected into human host)

Question 30

What are the four unique organelles in the falciparum merozoites?

Answer 30

Rhoptry Polarring —Microneme Fuzzy surface coat

Question 31

In the falciparum merozoites where is secretion of proteins stored in?

Answer 31

Microneme and rhoptry

Question 32

How can antibiotics be used ti attack merozoites which are eukaryotic?

Answer 32

The apicoplast is of bacterial origin and has bacterial ribosomes, therefore the apicoplast can be destroyed which will cause the cell to lyse.

Question 33

What are antibiotics?

Answer 33

Small molecules that kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms

Question 34

How do antibiotics work?

Answer 34

Role in environment is to govern access to nutrients by eliminating other competitors

Question 35

How does clindamycin (macrolides) work?

Answer 35

Block the tunnel in the ribosome that the peptide exits from Stops translation by preventing it to proceed

Question 36

How many chromosomes in the nucleus of the plasmodium falciparum?

Answer 36

14

Question 37

What are chromoplasts function?

Answer 37

Pigment synthesis and storage

Question 38

What are the 3 specialized leucoplasts?

Answer 38

Amyloplast (starch) Elaioplast (fat) Proteinoplast (protein)

Question 39

Red pepper skin cells have ______.

Answer 39

Chromoplasts

Question 40

Banana cells have ______.

Answer 40

Amyloplasts

Question 41

If a fruit has a lot of amyloplasts, is it sweet?

Answer 41

No