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A Level PE > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What energy is used for exercise?

A

ATP

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2
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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3
Q

What is ATP energy in our body?

A

The only immediately useable store of energy

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4
Q

Where is ATP stored?

A

Muscles

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5
Q

What is ATP used to create?

A

Muscle movement

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6
Q

How long does ATP last?

A

2-3 seconds of exercise

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7
Q

Where does the energy exist in ATP?

A

Exists in the bond between the last two phosphate molecules

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8
Q

Which enzyme breaks the bind in ATP o release energy?

A

ATPase which releases energy for muscular contractions

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9
Q

What has to happen to ATP to produce longer exercise?

A

ATP re-synthesis

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10
Q

Which exothermic reaction is used in relation to ATP?

A

ATP = ADP + P + energy

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11
Q

Which endothermic reaction is used in relation to ATP?

A

ADP + P + energy = ATP

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12
Q

ATP re-synthesis is required to keep exercising what happens dependant on the intensity of exercise?

A

Different energy system used for re-synthesis

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13
Q

What is ATP known as ?

A

Energy currency of the body

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14
Q

What is energy from ATP used for?

A

Digestion, nerve transmission and muscular contraction

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15
Q

Which energy system is used for activity with a duration of 0-10 seconds?

A

ATP-PC system

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16
Q

What are the three energy system used to resynthesize ATP?

A

ATP-PC
Anaerobic (lactic acid/glycolytic)
Aerobic

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17
Q

Which energy system is used for activity with a duration of 10 -30 seconds?

A

ATP-PC and Anaerobic glycolysis (lactic acid system)

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18
Q

Which energy system is used for activity with a duration of 30 seconds to 2 minutes?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

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19
Q

Which energy system is used for activity with a duration of 2-3 minutes?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic system

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20
Q

Which energy system is used for activity with a duration of 3+ minutes?

A

Aerobic/oxidative systems

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21
Q

What intensity is the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine system) used for?

A

Very high intensity

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22
Q

What is an example of an activity that the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine system) is used for?

A

100m sprint

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23
Q

What type of reaction is the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine) system?

A

Anaerobic

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24
Q

What fuel is used in the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine) system?

A

PC (phosphocreatine)

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25
Q

Where does the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine) system take place ?

A

Sarcoplasm

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26
Q

What is the controlling enzyme in the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine) system?

A

Creative Kinase

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27
Q

What is the energy yield of the ATP-PC system?

A

1:1
Phosphocreatine:ATP

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28
Q

What are the stages of the ATP-PC system?

A
  • ATP levels fall and ADP and P levels rise triggering the release of creatine kinase
  • Phosphocreatine is broken down anaerobically in sarcoplasm (PCr = P + C + energy)
  • The energy phosphate molecule and ADP are combined to resythsise ATP
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29
Q

What are the by products formed by the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine) system?

A

None

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30
Q

What are the ADVANTAGES of the ATP-PC (phosphocreatine) system?

A
  • No delay for oxygen delivery
  • PC is readily available in the muscle cell
  • Quick as simple structures are broken down
  • Provides energy for high intensity activities
  • No fatiguing by-products
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31
Q

What intensity is the glycolytic (lactic acid) system used for?

A

High intensity

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32
Q

What is an example activity which the glycolytic (lactic acid) system is used for?

A

200- 400m sprint
100m freestyle swim

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33
Q

What duration is the glycolytic (lactic acid) system used for?

A

2 - 3 minutes

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34
Q

What type of reaction does the glycolytic (lactic acid) system use?

A

Anaerobic

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35
Q

What fuel is used by the glycolytic (lactic acid) system?

A

Glycogen/glucose

36
Q

Where does the glycolytic (lactic acid) system take place (site of reaction)?

A

Sarcoplasm

37
Q

What are the controlling enzymes of the glycolytic (lactic acid) system?

A

GPP
PFK
LDH

38
Q

What does GPP stand for ?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

39
Q

What does GPP do?

A

It breaks glycogen (from muscle and liver cells) down into glucose

40
Q

What does PFK stand for?

A

Phosphfructokinase

41
Q

What does PFK do?

A

Catalyses the breakdown of glucose to produce pyruvic acid (anaerobic glycolysis)

42
Q

What does LDH stand for?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

43
Q

What does LDH do?

A

Converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid

44
Q

What is the yield of the glycolytic (lactic acid) system?

A

1:2
Glycogen:ATP

45
Q

What are the stages of the glycolytic (lactic acid) system?

A
  • Glycogen broken down into glucose by GPP
  • Glucose broken down into pyruvic acid (by anaerobic glycolysis using enzyme PFK) produces energy for resynthesis of 2 ATP
  • Lack of oxygen cause pyruvic acid to be converted to lactic acid (LDH)
  • Lactic acid accumulates leading to OBLA (onset of blood lactate accumulation) and fatigue
46
Q

What is OBLA?

A

Onset blood lactate accumulation

47
Q

What are the advantages of the glycolytic (lactic acid) system?

A
  • No delay for oxygen
  • Large fuel stores (muscle/liver)
  • Relatively Fast Fuel breakdown for resynthesis
  • Provides energy for up to 3 minutes
  • Lactic acid can be recycled for fuel for further energy production
48
Q

What are the disadvantages of the glycolytic (lactic acid) system?

A
  • Fatiguing by product (lactic acid) reduces pH and enzyme activity
  • Low ATP yield and lengthy recovery
49
Q

What are the by products formed by the glycolytic (lactic acid) system?

A

Lactic acid

50
Q

What intensity is the aerobic system used for?

A

Low-moderate (sub-maximal)

51
Q

What duration is the aerobic energy system used for?

A

3+ minutes
3 hiurs

52
Q

What type of reaction is used in the aerobic energy system?

A

Aerobic

53
Q

What fuel is used in the aerobic energy system ?

A

Fats/triglycerides
Glucose/glycogen

54
Q

Where does the is the aerobic energy system reactions take place?

A

Sarcoplasm
Mitochondria matrix
Mitochondria cristae

55
Q

What are the controlling enzymes of the aerobic energy system?

A

GPP
PFK
CoenzymeA
Lipase

56
Q

What does coenzyme A do?

A

Turns pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA

57
Q

What is the energy yield of the aerobic energy system?

A

1:38
Glycogen:ATP

58
Q

What are the three stages of the aerobic energy system?

A

Aerobic glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

59
Q

Describe the stages of the aerobic energy system?

A

During Aerobic Glycolysis
- glycogen is converted into glucose using enzyme GPP
- Glucose is converted into pyruvic acid using enzyme PFK
- CoenzymeA converts pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA
- Lipase turns fats into FFA’s (Free Fatty Acids) which are converted into acetyl CoA

Krebs Cycle
- Acetyl CoA binds with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid
- Citric acid is oxidised forming carbon dioxide and hydrogen

Electron Transport Chain
- Occurs along cristea (of mitochondria) by NAD and FAD (hydrogen carriers) which split hydrogen into ions (H+) and electrons (H-)
- Pairs of hydrogen electrons carried by NAD release enough energy to resynthesis 30 ATP molecules whilst those carried by FAD release enough for 4 molecules

60
Q

What are the by products formed of the aerobic energy system?

A

Carbon dioxide
Water

61
Q

What are the ADVANTAGES of the aerobic energy system?

A
  • Large fuel store : triglycerides, FFA’s, glycogen and glucose
  • High ATP yield and long duration of energy production
  • No fatiguing by-products
62
Q

What are the DISADVANTAGES of the aerobic energy system?

A
  • Delay for oxygen delivery (complex reaction series)
  • Slow energy production limits to sub-maximal intensity
  • Triglycerides (FFA’s demand 15% more O2 for breakdown
63
Q

What are examples of activities which the aerobic energy system provides energy for?

A

Marathon
Triathlon
Cross Country Skiing

64
Q

How much ATP is stored within the body ?

A

Very little (85g)

65
Q

How much energy does ATPase provide ?

A

2-3 seconds worth
For Muscle contraction

66
Q

What are the disadvantages of the ATP/PC system?

A
  • Low ATP yield
  • Rapid fatigue after 10-12 seconds
67
Q

Define the term recovery?

A

The process of the body returning to its pre-exercise state

68
Q

Define the term oxygen deficit?

A

Oxygen which would have been the se at the start of exercise if available

69
Q

What does EPOC stand for?

A

Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption

70
Q

Define the term EPOC?

A

The volume of oxygen consumed after exercise to return the body to a pre-exercise state

71
Q

What are the two stages of EPOC?

A
  1. FAST (alactacid) component of recovery
  2. SLOW (lactacid) component of recovery
72
Q

What is OBLA?

A

Onset Blood Lactate Accumulation

73
Q

What is the fast component of recovery?

A

Alactacid

74
Q

What is the slow component of recovery?

A

Lactacid

75
Q

How much oxygen does the ALACTACID component require?

A

1 - 4 Litres of oxygen

76
Q

How long is the ALACTACID component of recovery?

A

2 - 3 minutes

77
Q

What processes happen in the ALACTACID component to aid recovery?

A
  • Resynthesis of ATP
  • Replenish myoglobin in muscle cells
  • Restore Phospho-Creatine stores
78
Q

How long do PC stores take to restored?

A

50% restored in 30s
100% restored in 2-3 mins

79
Q

How much oxygen does the LACTACID component require?

A

5 - 8 Litres

80
Q

How long does the LACTACID component of recovery take ?

A

1 hour

81
Q

What processes in the LACTACID component happen to aid recovery?

A

Elevated ventilation and circulation
Elevated body temperature
Removal of lactic acid

82
Q

How does elevated ventilation and circulation aid recovery?

A

As respiratory depth and HR remain high the body maximises oxygen delivery and removal of by-products

83
Q

How does an elevated body temperature aid recovery?

A

Increases metabolic rate

84
Q

How is lactic acid removed?

A

50-75% converted back into pyruvic acid
10-25% converted back into glycogen (in muscle and liver cells)
5-10% excreted as protein through urine and sweat (CORI CYCLE)

85
Q

What is the Cori Cycle?

A

The conversion of lactic acid into protein so it can be removed through urine and sweat

86
Q

What are the factors affecting the duration and effectiveness of recovery?

A
  • Type of ENERGY SYSTEM used
  • The original FITNESS LEVEL of performer
  • The POSITION of the player
  • TACTICS AND STRATEGIES (eg. Man to man/zonal marking)
  • LEVEL OF COMPETITION (eg. Cup final/Sunday league)
  • STRUCTURE of the game (pitch size and rest periods)

A Level PE (8 decks)

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