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A Level PE > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Define tidal volume?

A

Volume of air inspired or expired per breath

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2
Q

What is the unit for tidal volume (TV) ?

A

L (litres)

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3
Q

What’s the resting value for tidal volume?

A

500ml / 0.5L

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4
Q

What’s tidal volume like during exercise?

A

1.75L - 3L

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5
Q

Define frequency?

A

The number of breaths per minute (breathing rate)

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6
Q

What is the resting volume for frequency?

A

12 -15 breaths per minute

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7
Q

What’s frequency like during exercise?

A

Increases to 40 - 60 breaths per minute

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8
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Volume of air inspired/expired per minute

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9
Q

What is the calculation for minute ventilation?

A

Tidal volume x Frequency = Minute Ventilation
TV x f = VE

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10
Q

What’s the resting value of minute ventilation?

A

6 - 7.5 L/min

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11
Q

What is minute ventilation like during exercise?

A

120 - 210 L/min

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12
Q

What type of process is inspiration at rest?

A

Active

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13
Q

What is meant by an active process?

A

Muscles are actively working/contracting

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14
Q

Describe what the mechanics of breathing during inspiration at rest?

A
  • Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
  • Diaphragm flattens and rib/sternum moves up an out
  • Thoracic Cavity volume increases
  • Air Pressure in lungs decrease below atmospheric air
  • Air rushes into the lungs to equate the pressure
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15
Q

What type of process is expiration at rest?

A

Passive

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16
Q

What is meant by a passive process?

A

Muscles are relaxing/inactive

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17
Q

Describe the mechanics of breathing during expiration at rest?

A
  • Diaphragm and external intercostals relax
  • Diaphragm pushed upwards and rib/sternum moves in an down
  • Thoracic Cavity volume decreases
  • Air Pressure in lungs increases above atmospheric air
  • Air rushes out of the lungs (forced out due to difference in pressure)
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18
Q

Describe the mechanics of breathing for INSPIRATION during EXERCISE?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
- Sternocleidomastoid, Scalenes and pectoralis minor contract
- Diaphragm flattens with more FORCE and rib/sternum moves up an out with INCREASED DISTANCE
- Thoracic Cavity volume increases FURTHER
- Air Pressure in lungs decrease FURTHER below atmospheric air
- MORE Air rushes into the lungs to equate the pressure

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19
Q

Describe the mechanics of breathing for EXPIRATION during EXERCISE?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals relax
- Internal intercostals, Rectus Abdominis and obliques contract
- Diaphragm pushed up with more FORCE
- Rib/sternum pulled in and down
- Thoracic Cavity volume decreases to a LOWER LEVEL
- Air Pressure in lungs increases FURTHER above atmospheric air
- MORE Air Forced out of the lungs to equate the pressure

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20
Q

Which 5 muscles are involved in expiration during exercise?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals (relax)
Obliques, Rectus Abdominis and Internal intercostals (contract)

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21
Q

Which 5 muscles are involved in inspiration during exercise?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals (contract)
Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes and pectoralis minor (contract)

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22
Q

Explain the regulation (neural) of breathing during REST/RECOVERY?

A
  • Baroreceptors detect an decrease in blood pressure
  • Chemoreceptors detect a decrease in carbon dioxide and lactic acid but an increase in oxygen
  • Proprioceptors detect a decline in movement
  • The receptors send a signal to the RCC (respiratory control centre) in the medulla oblongata
  • In the RCC the ICC (inspiratory control centre) sends a signal to the diaphragm (via the phrenic nerve) and to the external intercostals (via the intercostal nerve)
  • In the RCC the ECC (Expiratory control centre) is inactive during rest because it’s a passive process.
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23
Q

Explain the regulation (neural) of breathing during EXERCISE?

A
  • Baroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure
  • Chemoreceptors detect a increase in carbon dioxide and lactic acid but an decrease in oxygen
  • Proprioceptors detect a increase in movement
  • The receptors send a signal to the RCC (respiratory control centre) in the medulla oblongata
  • In the RCC the ICC (inspiratory control centre) sends a signal to the diaphragm (via the phrenic nerve) and to the external intercostals (via the intercostal nerve). It also recruits additional muscles; Scalenes. sternocleidomastoid and pectoralis minor to contract causing increased stroke volume
  • In the RCC the ECC (Expiratory control centre) becomes active during exercise sending a signal to the obliques, internal intercostals and rectus Abdominis to contract to increase frequency
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24
Q

Where does external respiration take place?

A

Alveolar Capillary membrane
- Between alveoli air and capillary blood

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25
Q

Where does internal respiration take place?

A

Muscles
Between capillary blood and muscle cells

26
Q

How do gases diffuses ?

A

Move from a high partial pressure to a low partial pressure

27
Q

At rest during external respiration how / where does oxygen diffuse?

A

At rest there is a high PPO2 in the alveoli air and a low PPO2 in the capillary blood
This creates a diffusion gradient allowing oxygen to move into the capillary blood by moving from an area of high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure

28
Q

At exercise during external respiration how / where does oxygen diffuse?

A

During exercise the muscles utilise oxygen for aerobic respiration therefore there is a LOWER PPO2 in the capillary blood and the same (high) PPO2 in the alveolar air
This creates a steeper diffusion gradient so more oxygen moves more quickly into the blood by diffusion

29
Q

At rest during external respiration how / where does carbon dioxide diffuse?

A

At rest there is a high PPCO2 in the capillary blood and a low PPCO2 in the alveolar air
The creates a diffusion gradient for CO2 to move from an area of high concentration to a low concentration

30
Q

At exercise during external respiration how / where does carbon dioxide diffuse

A

During exercise more CO2 is produced creating a Higher PPCO2 in the capillary blood but the PPCO2 in the alveolar air remains the same (low).
This creates a steeper diffusion gradient so more carbone dioxide moves more quickly

31
Q

At rest during internal respiration how / where does oxygen diffuse

A

Internal respiration takes place at the muscle cells and oxygen diffuses from a high PPO2 in the capillary to a low PPO2 in the muscle tissue.
It does this by moving down the concentration gradient from an area of high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure

32
Q

At exercise during internal respiration how / where does oxygen diffuse

A

During exercise the PPO2 in the muscle cells becomes LOWER whilst the PPO2 in the capillary blood remains the same (high) creating a steeper diffusion gradient so more gas diffuses at a faster rate

33
Q

At rest during internal respiration how / where does carbon dioxide diffuse?

A

At rest CO2 diffuses from a High PPCO2 in the muscles to a Low PPCO2 in the capillary blood by moving down the concentration gradient

34
Q

At exercise during internal respiration how / where does carbon dioxide diffuse

A

More CO2 is produced during exercise so the PPCO2 in the muscle tissue is HIGHER and the PPCO2 in the capillary blood is the same (low) creating a steeper diffusion gradient

35
Q

What does a steeper diffusion gradient enable?

A

More gas to diffuse more quickly
Greater volumes
Faster rate

36
Q

How do oxygen molecules bind to haemoglobin?

A

They make an ASSOCIATION

37
Q

During exercise how many associations does haemoglobin make?

A

4 associations with oxygen molecules

38
Q

When haemoglobin has made 4 oxygen associations what is it called?

A

Fully saturated

39
Q

What is dissociation?

A

Unloading of oxygen molecules (to allow for aerobic activity)

40
Q

During exercise what happens to dissociation?

A

Dissociation increases

41
Q

What happens to the speed of dissociation during exercise?

A

It becomes quicker (increase)

42
Q

Why does dissociation occur more quickly during exercise?

A
  • Bohr effect (increased acidity due to the production of lactic acid)
  • Increased blood and muscle temperature
  • Steeper O2 diffusion gradient (higher PPO2 in the capillary blood and low PPO2 in muscle)
  • Steeper CO2 diffusion gradient (higher PPCO2 in muscle and low PPCO2 in capillary)
43
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Increased acidity due to production of lactic acid

44
Q

As dissociation occurs more quickly what happens to the oxy-haemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

The oxy-haemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right (AKA Bohr Shift’)

45
Q

What is the Bohr Shift?

A

When the oxy-haemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right

46
Q

Why is providing more O2 to working muscles (through oxygen dissociation) beneficial?

A

It delays fatigue and increases the possible intensity and duration of performance

47
Q

What is high altitude?

A

Anything above 1500m is considered high altitude

48
Q

What is hypoxic air?

A

When the air contains a low PPO2

49
Q

What is acclimatisation?

A

Adapting to the changes in the environment (low PPO2)

50
Q

PPO2 is low in hypoxic conditions and causes what ?

A
  • Less haemoglobin saturation
  • Aerobic system is less efficient
  • More stress on the anaerobic system (produces lactic acid)
51
Q

What occurs in hypoxic conditions?

A

Less oxygen is transported to muscles for aerobic respiration

52
Q

As Less oxygen is transported to muscles for aerobic respiration what does the body do to maintain cardiac output (blood supply to muscles)?

A

Heart Rate Increases
Breathing Frequency Increases
Stroke Volume increases (less time to fill with blood as heart rate and frequency increase )
Blood Plasma volume decreases
Rate of 02 diffusion decreases
Reduced intensity and duration of performance as lactic acid is produced

53
Q

When training in altitude what happens to the oxygen diffusion gradient?

A

As altitude increases PPo2 decreases which has a negative impact on diffusion gradient (45% reduction)

54
Q

How does altitude affect different intensities (aerobic)?

A

Aerobic exercise (Sub Maximal exercise)
- Performance deteriorates as intensity and duration of exercise decreases because we are less able to remove lactic acid
- Detraining and reversibility occur
- Aerobic capacity reduced (eg. Triathlete will fatigue more quickly and produce slower times)

55
Q

How does altitude affect different intensities (anaerobic)?

A

Anaerobic (Maximal exercise)
- Some power based/high intensity activities are unaffected
- Some benefit due to lower air resistance ‘thinner air’ (eg, discus will travel further)
- Some deteriorate as we are less able to remove lactic acid (400m)

56
Q

What is the acclimatisation period for 1000-2000m?

A

3-5 days

57
Q

What is the acclimatisation period for 2000-3000m?

A

1-2 weeks

58
Q

What is the acclimatisation period for 3000m- 4000m?

A

2+ weeks

59
Q

What is the acclimatisation period for 5000+ m?

A

4+ weeks

60
Q

What are the benefits of acclimatisation?

A
  • Release of EPO from kidneys increase RBC production
  • Breathing Rate and Ventilation stabilises
  • Stroke volume and cardiac output is reduced as oxygen extraction is more efficient
  • Reduced altitude sickness (headaches, poor sleep, lack of appetite and nausea)

A Level PE (8 decks)

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