energy

Question 1

phototroph

Answer 1

organisms that capture energy from the sun

Question 2

organisms that derive energy from chemical compounds

Answer 2

chemotrophs

Question 3

autotrophs

Answer 3

organisms that can create their own carbon using inorganic carbon

Question 4

heterotrophs

Answer 4

rely on other organisms for their organic forms of carbon

Question 5

set of chemical reactions that break down polymers into monomers, and in the process produce ATP

Answer 5

catabolism

Question 6

anabolism

Answer 6

chemical reactions that build molecules

Question 7

kinetic energy

Answer 7

the energy of motion

Question 8

potential energy

Answer 8

stored energy which is released by a change in an objects structure or function

Question 9

chemical energy

Answer 9

form of potential energy held in the chemical bonds between pairs of atoms in a molecule

Question 10

what composes ATP

Answer 10

3 phosphate groups, ribose, adenine

Question 11

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 11

The universe contains a constant amount of energy- new energy is never formed or never lost. energy only changes in its form (can change from kinetic energy to potential energy)

Question 12

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 12

energy transformations always result in an increase in disorder in the universe

Question 13

entropy

Answer 13

degree of disorder in a system

Question 14

Gibbs free energy (G)

Answer 14

the amount of energy available to do work

Question 15

If a product of a reaction has more free energy than the reactants, is the ΔG positive or negative?

Answer 15

positive

Question 16

if a product of a reaction has a negative ΔG, what does this mean?

Answer 16

products have less free energy than the reaction, and energy is released

Question 17

Exergonic reactions: what are they and are their ΔG value + or - ?

Answer 17

Describes reactions with a negative G that release energy and proceed spontaneously

Question 18

reactions with a positive G and require an input of energy, are called?

Answer 18

Endergonic reactions

Question 19

the hydrolysis of ATP is a:
A. Endergonic reaction
B. Exergonic reaction

Answer 19

B

Question 20

Energetic coupling

Answer 20

a process in which a spontaneous reaction (negative ΔG) drives a non-spontaneous reaction (positive ΔG). It requires that the net ΔG of the two reactions be negative.

Question 21

Activation energy

Answer 21

energy required to reach the transition state (also known as energy barrier)

Question 22

Transition state

Answer 22

An intermediate state between reactants and products, and has a high amount of free energy

Question 23

What role do enzymes have with activation energy?

Answer 23

enzymes lower the activation energy.

they do this by stabilising the transition state and decreasing the free energy

Question 24

at the end of a reaction, enzymes..
A. Denature
B. Temporarily denature
C. Are unchanged
D. They remain permanently bound to the product

Answer 24

C

Question 25

``` enzymes have a 3d shape due to the A. Primary structure B. Quaternary structure C. Secondary structure D. Tertiary structure ```

Answer 25

D

Question 26

How do enzymes join to the reactants?

Answer 26

they form a complex with the substrate, called the enzyme-substrate complex

Question 27

How are enzymes able to reduce activation energy?

Answer 27

they can position two substrates by aligning their reactive chemical groups and limiting their motion relative to each other

Question 28

if the size of the active site is very small in comparison to the whole enzyme, what is the point of the other parts of the enzyme?

Answer 28

it is required to bring catalytic amino acid into very specific positions in the active site

Question 29

Types of inhibitors that influence enzyme activity

Answer 29

Irreversible and reversible

Question 30

Irreversible inhibitors

Answer 30

usually form covalent bonds with enzymes and irreversibly inactivate them

Question 31

reversible inhibitors

Answer 31

form weak bonds with enzymes and therefore easily dissociate from them

Question 32

glycolysis outline

Answer 32

begins with a molecule of glucose and ends with two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate and a net total of two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH

Question 33

First stage of glycolysis

Answer 33

addition of two phosphate groups to glucose | requires an input of energy

Question 34

second stage of glycolysis

Answer 34

glucose (a 6 carbon molecule) is split into two 3 carbon molecules

Question 35

third stage of glycolysis

Answer 35

ATP and NADH are produced, and two molecules of pyruvate

Question 36

what occurs during pyruvate oxidation

Answer 36

pyruvate molecules lose one carbon (which is released as CO2), electrons are picked up by NAD and become NADH. the 2 carbon molecule is known as Acetyl. Acetyl cannot pass through the membrane, so a CoA group attaches and becomes Acetyl-CoA

Question 37

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 37

Cytoplasm

Question 38

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

Answer 38

Mitochondrial membrane

Question 39

What happens in the citric acid cycle

Answer 39

``` Acetyl group (has 2 carbons) has a 4 carbon molecule added to it and becomes citrate. The 6 carbon molecule loses 2 carbons, and it is released as CO2. The electrons released from the bonds between carbons splitting are obtained by FAD and becomes FADH2 and NAD becomes NADH ```

Question 40

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Answer 40

mitochondrial matrix

Question 41

Citric acid cycle yield

Answer 41

2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2