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Systems Endocrine > Energy Balance > Flashcards

Energy Balance Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 compound types that give the body energy?

A
  1. carbs
  2. proteins
  3. fats
  4. alcohol (dead calories)
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2
Q

thermic effect of food

A

energy used for GI functioning

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3
Q

what are the 4 fates of consumed food?

A
  1. contribute to energy for GI function
  2. fecal loss (not absorbed)
  3. urinary loss
  4. absorbed molecules build ATP
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4
Q

satiety

A

time between meals

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5
Q

satiation

A

feeling full

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6
Q

what is TDEE and how is it measured?

A

it is total daily energy expenditure and it is the total of BMR (basal metabolic rate) + TEF (thermic effect of food) + physical activity

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7
Q

how much food energy is dedicated to BMR?

A

60-75%

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8
Q

how much food energy is dedicated to physical exercise and non-exercise activity?

A

15-30%

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9
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

amount of energy used by an awake, resting individual

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10
Q

metabolism and sending nutrients to different tissues is stimulated by ______

A

insulin

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11
Q

starving cells get energy from ______ _____

A

ketone bodies

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12
Q

hormones that promote breakdown of energy stores during fasting (3)

A

glucagon
TH
Epi

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13
Q

what hormones contribute to lipogenesis?

A

and increase in insulin

a decrease in GH, Leptin

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14
Q

what hormones contribute to protein synthesis

A

GH, IGF-1, TH all are increased to synthesize proteins

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15
Q

which hormone is involved in the absorptive stage?

A

insulin

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16
Q

what 3 tissue types does insulin signal to during the absorptive stage?

A
  1. liver
  2. skeletal muscle
  3. adipose tissue
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17
Q

what hormones are involved in the post-absorptive stage (4)?

A

glucagon
cortisol
GH
Epi

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18
Q

what tissues does Epi signal to during post-absorptive stage to access stored energy?

A

liver
skeletal muscle
adipose tissue

19
Q

what is cortisol’s role in the post-absorptive stage?

A

stimulates protein breakdown in the skeletal muscle

20
Q

satiety center in brain

A

medulla “nucleus solitarius”

21
Q

how is energy balanced via hypothalamic signaling? (steps from GI to behavior)

A
  1. hunger or satiety signals are sent to the arcuate nucleus neurons in the hypo via hormones
    (satiety= leptin and insulin; hunger= ghrelin)
  2. these NPY and POMC neurons signals to the PVN neuron signals about changing food intake
  3. the PVN signals to the satiety center in the medulla
  4. the medulla signals behavior to increase or decrease food intake
22
Q

what hypothalamic signals REDUCE food intake?

A
  1. alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH

2. CART (cocaine and amph regulated transcript)

23
Q

what hypothalamic signals INCREASE food intake

A

orexins A and B
NPY
AgRP Agouti-related peptide

24
Q

prolactin (stimulates/inhibits) food intake?

A

stimulates

25
Q

androgens (increase/decrease) food intake and (increase/decrease) protein synthesis?

A

increase

increase

26
Q

role of cholecystokinin

A

stimulates vagus to induce satiety

27
Q

role of Ghrelin

A

increases food intake when fasting

28
Q

GLP-1 role (glucagon like peptide-1)

A

reduces food intake

increases insulin release

29
Q

PYY (Peptide YY) role

A

reduces food intake, high between meals

30
Q

what are the mediatiors of energy balance in GI tract? (4)

A

cholecystokinin, Ghrelin, GLP-1, PYY

31
Q

what are the mediators of energy in the adipose tissue? (5)

A

adiponectin, leptin, visfatin

resistin, acylation-stimulating protein

32
Q

what does resistin do?

A

antagonizes insulin

33
Q

role of leptin

A

decrease food intake and decreases fat storage

34
Q

role of visfatin

A

reduces glucose release from liver

35
Q

role of acylation stimulating protein

A

stimulates TG synthesis

36
Q

role of adiponectin

A

increases insulin sensitivity

37
Q

what regulates [Na+] in plasma?

A

ADH

38
Q

what regulates total Na+ in body?

A

aldosterone

39
Q

what protein regulates ECF Na+?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

40
Q

how does angiotensin II impact Na+ in the body?

A

stimulates Na+ reabsorption by kidney

41
Q

how does aldosterone impact Na+ in body?

A

reabsorption of Na+ and K+ excretion

42
Q

how does atrial natriuretic peptide impact Na+ in body?

A

decreases reabsorption and increases excretion of Na+

43
Q

what regulated K+ in the short term vs long term/

A

short: insulin stimulates entry of K+ into cells via antiporter
long: kidneys

44
Q

ADH (increases/decreases) K+ secretion?

A

increases

Systems Endocrine (8 decks)

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