Energy Production (carbohydrates And Lipids) Flashcards
(62 cards)
Why is glycolysis separated into the different stages
More efficient
More versatile
Easier to control
What 2 enzymes would be used in the liver to regulate glycolysis
3-phosphofructokinase (would be high when high insulin:glycogen)
Pyruvate kinase (same reason)
What regulator of glycolysis would be a covalent modifier and what does it do
Pryruvate kinase
Dephosphorylate
What levels would hyperlactemia occur
2-5nm
What levels would lactic acidosis occur
Over 5nm
What would be used to produce lactate
Glucose (and alanine) via pyruvate
What is the equation that would involve LDH
lactate + NAD+ —————- Pryuvate + NADH + H+
What are the two important intermediates of glycolysis
Glycerol phosphate: would be produced in the adipose tissue of the liver
2,3 BPG would be used in the red blood cells and would allow the regulation of oxygen
How would fructose be broken down
FRUCTOSE — FRUCTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE — GLYCERATE-3-PHOSPHATE (G-3-P)
What causes fructosuria and what causes fructose intolerance
Fructosuria: when would not have enough fructokinase (would break down fructose to F-1-P)
Fructose intolerance: when would not have enough aldolase (f1p to 2-gyceraldehyde-3-p)
What is galactosemia
When the body is unable to metabolise galactose.
Leads to an excess galactose in the blood, toxic
Can cause sepsis, cataracts (when produced galaticol) and anemia
What would be the difference in the rare and the common forms of galactosemia
Rare: a kinase deficiency (no galactose to galactose-1-p so build of galactose
Common: a transferase deficiency (build of galactose and galactose-1-p) and no glucose produced for glycolysis
Where would the accumulated galactose go
Galactose —— galacitiol
Via NADPH TO NADP+
enzyme: Aldose reductase
What so the issue with fructose intolerance and how would you solve it
Fructose would accumulate in the liver and this could cause liver damage
Would need to remove fructose form your diet
How does galactosemia lead to cataracts
The lens would need NADPH
Galactose going through the alternative pathways would convert NADPH to NADP+
Then none would be available for the lens’
What is the difference between the GALK in carbohydrates and the GALT in the lymph tissue
GALT - GUT ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE
GALT- GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLTRANSFERASE
What does glycerol phosphate produce
DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate)
In the liver and the adipose tissue (where most likely would then go on to be stored)
DHAP can also produce glycerol phosphate too (reversible)
How could the levels of ADP help to regulate oxidative phosphorylation
When levels of ADP are low, no substrate
No activity working atp synthase
No hydrogen can move through
How would molecules like cyanide, hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide act as inhibitor
Bind to cytochrome oxidase
Oxygen would not be able to accept an electron and produce water
No ETC
What is an uncoupling molecule
Increases the inner membrane permeability to hydrogen
Hydrogen moves back into the matrix and not through the ATP synthase
No ATP produced
What is a natural uncoupling molecule
Brown adipose tissue (fatty acids)
Lipase release fatty acids
Fatty acids would stimulate the UCP1
Moves hydrogen back into the matrix
Not through the atp synthase
What is pyruvate dehydrogenase
Enzyme that would convert pryruvate to acetyl Co a
What activates and inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase
Activates: ADP NAD+ insulin pyruvate
Inhibits: ATP NADH acetyl Co a
What molecules does oxaloacetate make
Glucose
Amino acids
