energy releasing pathways Flashcards by Jasleen Klair

what is homeostatis

ability to build nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, and carbohyrates

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what are anabolic pathways

things that need energy to go forward-> build large molecules

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what are catabolic pathways

things that release energy -> break down

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what are heterotrophs

living things that get energy from organic compounds from the metabolism of pre-existing glucose

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what are photoautotrophs

living things use energy from sunlight to make their organic compounds from carbon dioxide

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what are chemoautotrophs

living things use energy from inorganic compounds to make their organic compounds from carbon dioxide

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what pathway unites all living organisms

glycolysis and cellular respiration

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where does the Kerb Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle occur

in the mitchondria

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what are some pathways that unite all eukaryotic organisms

kerbs cycle , oxidative phosphorylation

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how can energy be transferred by

transferring electrons

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what is reduction

gaining one 1 or more electrons

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what is oxidation

lose of one or more electrons

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how can we track oxidation

the loss of hydrogen ions

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what is oil rig

oxidation is loss
reduction is gain

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what kind of molecule has more energy-reduced or oxidated?

most reduced

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what are exergonic reactions

energy releasing

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what are endergonic reactions

energy required

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what are coupled reactions

exergonic reactions are coupled with endergonic reactions

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what are two coupled reactions

ATP and NADH

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what is NAD used for?

it takes in high energy electrons from released energy by oxidation

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what is NAD

a co-enzyme

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what is ATP’s role in coupling

supply energy for anabloic reactions

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how do cells transfer energy from NADH to ATP

by oxidative phosphorylation

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how is ATP formed

many exergonic reactions release energy that is captured and stored in chemical bonds of ATP

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what does the hydrolysis of ATP lead to?

the bonds of the 2nd and 3rd phosphate are brown which releases free energy ( ATP -> ADP )

what makes the reactant less stable

transferring a phosphate

what does the breakdown of ATP lead to

more energy for other cell reactions

what are two common electron carriers

FAD and NADP+

when is FAD used

glucose metabolism

when is NADP+ used

for photosynthsis

does glycolysis use oxygen

why does glycolysis not use oxygen

Early Earth had no oxygen

where does glycolysis happen

cytoplasm

what do metabolic processes do

break down a diverse range of organic compunds

when is energy released

when reduced organic molecules with many C-C and C-H bonds oxidized to C02

what is pyruvate?

a 3 carbon sugar that glucose breaks down into

what happens to pyruvate if oxygen is not present

it will move into the Mitochondria

what are the reactants and products ?

reactant: 1 glucose with 6 chains products: 2 pyruvate with 3 chains each

what is the relationship between energy investment and energy payoff

they have the same energy investment and energy payoff

what is pyruvate oxidation

links glycolysis and Kerb's cycle in the mitochondrial matrix

what does pyruvate oxidation release?

CO2 and NADH is made by accepting electrons

what happens in the Kerbs cycle

the products of pyruvate oxidation are further oxidized

what happens to the products in kerbs cycle

1) CO2 released 2) ATP is made by phosphorylation ADP 3) NADH and FADH2 are made when they accept high-energy electrons

what is the electron transport chain

energy carriers (NADH and FADH2 ) will be oxidized -> donate high energy electrons to ETC for oxidative phosphorylation.

what do NADH and FADH2 do when in the electron transport chain

they are oxidized ( take away electrons) -> donate high energy electrons to ETC channels

what do electron carriers do in ETC

pass electrons to other redox carriers in inner mitochondrial membrane

what happens to free energy in ETC

it is relaised from edergonic oxidation where h+ is pumped out of inner membrane through proton pumps -> creates a proton graident

how can H+ reenter matrix

They can diffuse into the matrix by using the protein enzyme ATP Synthase which makes ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

what happens to oxygen at end of ETC

it is reduced by accepting a pair of electrons and bonding to H+ ions to make water

what will happen to electron transport chain without oxygen

nothing can accept electrons at the end of ETC which would stop Kerbs cycle bc there are no electron carriers

where does the hydrogen come from that oxygen bonds to

FADH2 and NADH which is brought from glycolysis and kerbs cycle

how much ATP do glycolysis and kerbs cycle pump out

2 each

how much ATP does oxidative phosphorylation pump out and why

they pump out 32 ATP because they have the protein enzyme ATP Synthase

what is chemiomosis?

use of electrochemical gradient (H+) to synthesize ATP

where is ATP synthase in prokaryotes

set up across the cell membrane

where is ATP synthase in eukaryotes

the inner membrane of mitochondria and thylakoids of chloroplasts

what is the ATP relationship in and out

the amount of ATP made in respiration determines amount of energy released in redox

what has the highest redox potential

what yields the most ATP

aerobic (including oxygen) respiration bc oxygen wants electrons

how are prokaryotes different in metabolism

they can accept other final electron acceptors for oxidative phosproylaion when O2 is not around (anaerobic respiration)

what was the evolutionary advantage of oxidative phosphorylation

exploit O2 since very abundant in Early Earth

what does anaerobic respiration involve

alcoholic fermentation , lactic acid fermentation

what does aerobic respiration involve

kerbs cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis

what do anaerobic perspiration not have

an alt. electron acceptor

can oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur without O2

what is nonoxidative phophorylation

some anaerobic mircobes will use other terminal electron acceptors than O2

what will most organisms use to break down glucose without oxygen

fermentation

where does fermentation take place

cytoplasm

what is the final electron acceptor in fermentation?

an organic molecule

what are two common pathways of germentation

lactic acid and alcoholic fermenation

what do lactic acid and fermentation acid end with

lactic -> lactic acid alcoholic fermentation -> ethyl alcohol

what are the three fates of pyruvate made by glycolysis

lactic acid, and alcoholic ( anaerobic) oxidation ( aerobic

where is lactic acid used

Bacteria and muscle tissue

When is acholic fermentation used

many bacteria and yeast