Energy System Flashcards
(37 cards)
1
Q
what is atp
A
adenosine triphosphate is used to supply energy
2
Q
what does atp do
A
- when broken down it gives energy for immediate muscle contractions.
- a small store is found in muscle cells which can be used immediately, but this only lasts for 2-3 seconds.
- this means the body has to resynthesises ATP so it can be used for longer.
- it does this by using 1 of 3 energy systems
3
Q
what does atp consist of
A
- 1 adenosine molecule
- 3 phosphate molecules
4
Q
how does atp release energy
A
ATP is broken down into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a phosphate molecule.
- when this happens energy is realised as the bond is broken
5
Q
explain how atp works like a rechargeable battery
A
- in order for ATP to be restored in the muscle the bond between ADP and phosphate has to be rebuilt.
- the energy systems provide energy needed to rebuild this bond and turn ADP back to ATP.
6
Q
how does the ATP-PC (alactic) system work in exercise and sports performanece
A
- ATP is stored in muscle cells, we only have enough to last 2-3 seconds.
- another key substance is phosphocreatine which is an energy rich compound in the sarcoplasm.
- it is broken down quickly and easily to resynthesise ATP quickly.
- the atp-pc is a system that will provide energy for 8-10 seconds eg weightlifting
- phosphocreatine lasts 6-8 seconds. it can only replenish itself during low intensity exercise and when oxygen is present
- when all ATP stores are used we are left with ADP, it takes a ratio of 1:10 recovery rate.
- when phosphocreatine is broken it releases energy that is used to resynthesise ATP
7
Q
is the atp-pc system aerobic or anaerobic
A
anaerobic
8
Q
what is the energy source of the atp-pc system
A
phosphocreatine
9
Q
how long does the atp-pc system last
A
8-10 seconds
10
Q
what is the recovery time of the atp-pc system
A
ratio 1:10
11
Q
sporting example for the atp-pc system
A
shot put, high jump, javelin
12
Q
what does the lactate system do in exercise and sports
A
- when the atp-pc system begins to fade around 10 seconds, the process of anaerobic glycolysis begins.
- this system breaks down the liver and muscle glycogen stores without needing the presence of oxygen
- the breakdown of glucose and glycogen releases energy which can be used to resynthesise ATP
- the breakdown of glucose produces three molecules of ATP, whereas the breakdown of glycogen can produce two molecules of ATP
13
Q
is the lactate system aerobic or anaerobic
A
anaerobic
14
Q
what is the energy source for the lactate system
A
glucose and glycogen
15
Q
how long does the lactate system last
A
1-2 mins
16
Q
what is the recovery time of the lactate system
A
8 mins
17
Q
sporting example of the lactate system
A
400m
18
Q
what does the aerobic system do in exercise and sports
A
- aerobic energy production occurs in the mitochondria of the muscle cells
- the aerobic system relies on the breakdown of stored fats and carbohydrates to produce energy.
- improved aerobic fitness makes it easier for the body to covert these food sources
- the production of energy within the aerobic system is slow to engage because it takes a few minutes for the heart to deliver oxygenated blood to working muscles
- long, continuous and moderate exercise, such as long distance running, produces energy using this system
19
Q
the aerobic system can be broken down into 3 processes…
A
- aerobic glycolysis
- the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
- the electron transport chain
20
Q
the aerobic glycolysis (2)
A
- the first stage takes place in the sarcoplasm of muscle cell
- glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid via the phosphofructokinase
- during glycolysis, everyone 1 molecule of glucose, produces 2 molecules of ATP
- pyruvic acid will turn into two different compounds depending on the presence of oxygen; if oxygen is present then it will be converted into acetyl coenzyme A. if there is not sufficient oxygen present it will turn into the fatigue including lactic acid.
- as oxygen is present (aerobic system), pyruvic acid enters the next stage, oxidised and carried as acetyl coenzyme A
21
Q
Krebs cycle (2)
A
- takes place in the mitochondria
- pyruvic acid is oxidised and carried into the Krebs cycle via Acetyl Coenzyme A.
- as a result, CO2 (breathed out), H20, hydrogen atoms and 2 ATP are produced.
- the hydrogen atoms enter the third stage of the aerobic system
22
Q
electron transport chain (34)
A
- takes place in the mitochondria
- hydrogen atoms enter the electron transport chain, lots of energy is produced
- enough to resynthesise 34 more ATP.
- consequently, that 1 molecule of glucose/fat/protein has produced 38 ATP.
- a really high energy yield
23
Q
is the aerobic system aerobic or anaerobic
A
aerobic
24
Q
what is the energy source of aerobic system
A
carbohydrates and fats
25
how long does the aerobic system last
over 4 mins
26
recovery time of the aerobic system
a few hours to 2-3 days depending on intensity of the activity
27
sporting example of aerobic system
marathon
long distance swimming
28
what are the adaptations of the energy system to exercise
1. increased creatine stores
2. increased tolerance to lactic acid
3. improved aerobic energy system
4. increased use of fats as an energy source
5. increased storage of glycogen and number of mitochondria
29
increased creatine stores
- short duration/high intensity training will improve your ability to produce aerobic energy.
- your body will adapt by being able to store more creatine in your muscles
- this will improve the atp-pc system and as a result, improved exercise anaerobically for longer durations, faster and more powerful repeated movements
30
increased tolerance to lactic acid
- anaerobic training makes us better able to tolerate lactic acid
- endurance training extends capillary networks, allowing greater supply to the muscles of oxygen and nutrients
- this body becomes more efficient at using oxygen and we are able to oxidise pyruvic acid more consistently
31
improved aerobic energy system
- long term exercise will improve the ability of aerobic energy system
- improvements in the cardiovascular system will allow for increased oxygen to be delivered (larger capillary bed)
- this is needed to resynthesise ATP aerobically
- likewise, adaptations of the cardiovascular system will aid removal of lactic acid through oxidation/diffusion
32
increased use of fats as an energy source
- using fats as a fuel during the aerobic system: beta oxidation
- fat is the primary energy source for low-intensity exercise
- fat oxidation increases if exercise extends beyond 90mins - 2 hours and glycogen gets depleted
- trained athletes will burn fat more efficiently and delivering oxygen
32
increased storage of glycogen and number of mitochondria
- muscles increase their oxidative capacity with regular training
- this is because; increased mitochondria within muscle cells, increased in the supply in ATP, increased in quantity of enzymes activity, the ability of the muscle to store glycogen
33
additional factors affecting the energy systems
diabetes
hypoglycaemic attack
children's lack of lactate system
34
diabetes
a condition where the amount of glucose in the blood is too high. (type 1)
- glucose cannot enter the body's cells to be used as fuel so it builds up in the blood
- insulin is the hormone produced by the pancreas that allows glucose to enter the bodys cells, therefore, those suffering will require an insulin pump
35
hypoglycaemic attack
hypoglycaemia is an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood
- when glucose levels are too low your body does not have energy energy to cary out its activities
- hypoglycaemia occurs when someone with diabetes takes too much insulin, misses a meal or exercises too hard
- warning signs: hungry, trembling, shaking, sweating, confusion, difficulty concentrating
36
children's lack of lactate system
children's body systems are growing and developing. significant changes occur during puberty.
- one area is in the lactate system as it is not fully developed.
- during high intensity, lactic builds up, its more difficult for children to remove it as a waste product.
- as a result children should only engage in aerobic exercise.
