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PE - AA > Energy Systems > Flashcards

Energy Systems Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

What is the only useable form of chemical energy in the body ?

A

ATP = adenosine triphosphate
ATP = 1 x molecule of adenosine & 3 x molecules of phosphate
The energy we get from foods is broken down to release the energy that is used to form ATP

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2
Q

How is ADP formed ?

A

ATPase is used to break down ATP, leaving ADP + Pi, releasing energy as it does.

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3
Q

What are the 3 energy systems ?

A

Aerobic
ATP-PC
Anaerobic glycolytic

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4
Q

What is the aerobic system ?

A

Glucose + oxygen > energy + carbon dioxide + water
Complete oxidation of glucose can produce 38 molecules of ATP
Fat and protein can also be broken down
Products of fat and protein are reduced to the molecule acetyl coenzyme A

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5
Q

What are the 3 stages of the aerobic system ?

A

Glycolysis (or Beta Oxidation)
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

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6
Q

Explain the 1st stage of the aerobic system

A

This anaerobic stage takes place in the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell
Each molecule of glucose generates 2 molecules of ATP
Before the pyruvic acid can enter Krebs cycle it is oxidised into two acetyl groups by coenzyme A

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7
Q

What enzyme breaks down glycogen into glucose ?

A

Phosphofructokinase

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8
Q

Explain the 2nd stage of the aerobic system

A

The two acetyl groups diffuse into the matrix of the mitochondria
The acetyl groups combine with oxaloacetic acid forming citric acid
Hydrogen is removed and citric acid undergoes oxidative carboxylation (carbon and hydrogen are given off)
Carbon forms carbon dioxide
2 ATP molecules are produced from the Krebs cycle

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9
Q

Explain the 3rd stage of the aerobic system

A

Hydrogen is carried to the electron transport chain
Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria
Hydrogen splits into hydrogen ions and electrons
Hydrogen ions are oxidised to form water
Hydrogen electrons provide energy to re-synthesise ATP
34 ATP molecules are produced

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10
Q

What is beta oxidation in the aerobic system ?

A

Stored fat broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids for transportation by the blood
Beta oxidation causes these fatty acids to be converted into acetyl coenzyme A
Fat metabolism then follows the same path as glycogen metabolism
More ATP can be produced from one fat molecule

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11
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the aerobic system

A

Advantages:
More ATP is produced (38)
No fatiguing by-products
Plenty fuel stores

Disadvantages:
Takes a while before enough oxygen is available for the process
Fatty acid transportation to muscles is low

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12
Q

What is the ATP-PC system ?

A

Uses Phosphocreatine as its fuel
PC is an energy-rich compound found in the sarcoplasm of the muscle
Can be broken down quickly and easily to release energy
Rapid availability is for single maximal movements
Only enough PC to last for 5-8 seconds
Can only be replenished during low intensity work

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13
Q

How does the ATP-PC system work ?

A

Anaerobic process
Resynthesises ATP when the enzyme creatine kinase detects high levels of ADP
It breaks down the phosphocreatine in the muscles to phosphate and
creatine, releasing energy
Energy is then used to convert ADP to ATP in a coupled reaction

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14
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the ATP-PC system

A

Advantages:
ATP Can be re-synthesised rapidly
Phosphocreatine stores can be re-synthesised quickly
There are no fatiguing by-products
Can extend the time the ATP-PC system through use of creatine supplementation

Disadvantages:
There is only a limited supply of phosphocreatine in the muscles
Only one molecule of ATP can be re-synthesised for every molecule of PC
PC re-synthesis can only take place in the presence of oxygen

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15
Q

What is the Anaerobic glycolytic system ?

A

This system provides energy for high intensity activity for longer
How long this system lasts depends on the fitness of the individual
Lasts about 45 seconds - 3 minutes

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16
Q

How does the Anaerobic glycolytic system work ?

A

Glucose is stored in the muscles and liver as glycogen
When PC stores are low, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase is activated to break down the glycogen into glucose
Glucose is then further broken down in pyruvic acid by the enzyme phosphofructokinase
Takes place in the sarcoplasm of the muscle
The pyruvic acid is then further broken down into lactic acid by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase
The net result is 2 molecules of ATP

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17
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the Anaerobic glycolytic system

A

Advantages:
ATP can be re-synthesised quite quickly
In the presence of o2, lactic acid can be converted into liver glycogen
It can be used for a sprint finish

Disadvantages:
Lactic acid acts as the by-product
Accumulation of acid in the body de-natures enzymes
Only a small amount of energy can be released from glycogen

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18
Q

What is the energy continuum ?

A

The Energy continuum describes which energy system is used for different types of exercise
Depends on the duration and intensity

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19
Q

How do muscle fibres and energy systems work together ?

A

Slow twitch:
Main pathway for ATP production is in the aerobic system
Produces up to 38 ATP from each glucose molecule
Production of ATP is slow but these fibres are more endurance based

Fast twitch:
Main pathway for ATP is the lactate anaerobic energy system
ATP production in the absence of oxygen is not efficient (2 ATP)
Production of ATP this way is fast but cannot last for long

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20
Q

Which energy system is used during low intensity exercise ?

A

Aerobic

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21
Q

What is VO2 Max and what is it measured in ?

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A

Maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up and used by the muscles per minute
(ml/kg/min)

22
Q

Explain Sub-maximal oxygen deficit

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A

When we start to exercise insufficient oxygen is distributed to the tissues.
Takes time for circulatory system to respond to the increase in
demand for oxygen.
Energy is provided anaerobically to satisfy the increase in demand for energy until the circulatory system and mitochondria can cope.

23
Q

Explain Maximal accumulated oxygen deficit

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A

Gives an indication for anaerobic capacity.
Oxygen deficit is bigger during maximal exercise as the performer is short of more oxygen at the start

24
Q

What is Excess Post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) ?

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A

The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have been consumed at rest during the same time.

The fast component (alactacid component)
The slow component (lactacid component)

25
Explain the fast component of EPOC
Myoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen It stores O2 in the sarcoplasm After exercise, oxygen stores in the myoglobin are limited Surplus of oxygen supplied via EPOC helps replenish these stores
26
Explain the slow component of EPOC
Lactic acid accumulates during exercise Lactic Acid can be converted back into pyruvate and oxidised into CO2 and water Transported in the blood to the liver where it is converted to blood glucose and glycogen Converted into protein Removed in sweat and urine Maintaining breathing and heart rates When temperature remains high, respiratory rates also remain high Glycogen is the main energy provider Replacement of glycogen depends on the type of exercise completed Eating high carb meal will accelerate glycogen replenishment
27
What energy system is used during high intensity and short duration exercise ?
ATP-PC Anaerobic glycolytic system
28
What is lactate accumulation ?
Lactic acid produced as a by-product Lactic acid is quickly broken down releasing hydrogen ions Remaining compound then combines with sodium or potassium ions to form the salt lactate As lactate accumulates more hydrogen ions are present Increased acidity slows down enzyme activity Lactate produced in muscle diffuses into the blood
29
What is Lactate Threshold ?
Crossing of aerobic/anaerobic threshold The point at which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood (increase of 2 mmol per litre of blood above resting levels) Expressed as a percentage of VO2 max Average performers = 50-60% VO2 max Elite performers = 70-90% VO2 max. Training delays lactate threshold
30
What is OBLA ?
Onset Blood Lactate Accumulation (increase of 4 mmol per litre of blood above resting levels) Gives an indication of endurance capacity
31
Factors affecting lactate accumulation
Exercise Intensity Muscle fibre type Rate of blood lactate removal The respiratory exchange ratio Fitness of the performer
32
What is buffering ?
Exercise Intensity Muscle fibre type Rate of blood lactate removal The respiratory exchange ratio Fitness of the performer
33
Factors affecting VO2 max
Physiological Lifestyle Body composition Gender Age Genetics Training
34
Explain the physiological factor of VO2 max
Increased maximum cardiac output Increased stroke volume/ejection fraction/cardiac hypertrophy Greater heart rate range Less O2 being used for heart muscle so more available to muscles Increased levels of haemoglobin and RBC count Increased stores of glycogen and triglycerides Increased myoglobin content Increased capillarisation around muscles Increased number and size of mitochondria Increased surface areas of alveoli Increased lactate tolerance
35
Explain the lifestyle factor of VO2 max
Smoking, sedentary lifestyle, poor diet and poor fitness reduce VO2 max levels
36
Explain the body composition factor of VO2 max
A higher percentage of fat decreases VO2 max
37
Explain the gender factor of VO2 max
Men generally have approx 20% higher VO2 max than women
38
Explain the age factor of VO2 max
As we get older our VO2 max declines as our body systems become less efficient
39
Explain the genetics factor of VO2 max
Inherited factors of physiology limit possible improvement
40
Explain the training factor of VO2 max
VO2 max can be improved by 10-20% following a period of aerobic training (continuous, fartlek and aerobic interval)
41
Explain indirect calorimetry
Measures the production of CO2 and/or the consumption of O2 Calculating gas volumes also enables us to find out the main substrate being used
42
Explain lactate sampling
Involves taking a tiny blood sample and a handheld device analyses how much lactate is present It is an accurate objective measure of blood lactate levels Can also be used as a means to measure exercise intensity
43
Explain Direct gas analysis
Measures the concentration of O2 that is inspired and the concentration of CO2 that is expired Run, cycle or row to exhaustion in lab conditions
44
Explain Respiratory exchange ratio
Ratio of carbon dioxide produced compared to oxygen consumed Used as a measure of exercise intensity Provides info about fuel usage during exercise RER = Carbon dioxide expired per min (VCO2) / Oxygen consumed per min (VO2)
45
What are the RER values ?
1 = performer using carbohydrates 0.7 = performer using fats >1 = anaerobic
46
What is altitude training ?
Training that takes place at 2500m above sea level Partial pressure of oxygen drops as altitude increases Reduces the diffusion gradient Less O2 carrying capacity
47
Disadvantages and Advantages of altitude training
Advantages: Improves aerobic performance Increase the number of red blood Increase in EPO When return to sea level more RBC means more o2 available More o2 = more ATP production. Disadvantages: Reduction in aerobic performance Very difficult to train Can result in loss of fitness or detraining Altitude sickness can occur
48
What is HIIT ?
Aerobic and anaerobic training Short intervals of maximum intensity
49
Variables ensuring HIIT training is specific
Duration of work interval Intensity or speed of work interval Duration of recovery interval Number of work and recovery intervals
50
What is plyometric training ?
Strength training that improves speed and power It involves high intensity explosive actions Based on principle that muscles can generate more force if they have been previously stretched

PE - AA (8 decks)

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