Energy Systems

Question 1

What enzyme breaks glucose into pyruvates?

Answer 1

Phosphofructokinase. (PFK)

Question 2

What enzyme breaks pyruvates dow to lactic acid?

Answer 2

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

Question 3

What type of performer would use the ATP-PC energy system?

Answer 3

A 100m sprinter or Javelin thrower.

Question 4

What type of performer would use the Anaerobic Glycolytic energy system?

Answer 4

A 400m sprinter or a 200m swimmer.

Question 5

What type of performer would use the Aerobic energy system?

Answer 5

A marathon runner or a road cyclist.

Question 6

Define glycolysis.

Answer 6

When glucose is converted to pyruvate to produce energy.

Question 7

What is sarcoplasm?

Answer 7

The fluid that surrounds the nucleus of a muscle fibre and is where anaerobic respiration takes place.

Question 8

How does the ATP-PC system work?

Answer 8

PC > Pi + C + energy

Energy > Pi + ADP > ATP

Question 9

How long can the ATP-PC system last for?

Answer 9

10 seconds

Question 10

How much ATP is created from the ATP-PC system?

Answer 10

1.

Question 11

How long does the anaerobic glycolytic system last for?

Answer 11

3 minutes but can peak at 45 secs.

Question 12

Name the three parts of the aerobic energy system.

Answer 12

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain.

Question 13

How much ATP is gained from the first part of the aerobic system?

Answer 13

2 ATP molecules.

Question 14

How much ATP is gained from the second part of the aerobic system?

Answer 14

2 ATP.

Question 15

How much ATP is gained from the third part of the aerobic system?

Answer 15

34 ATP molecules.

Question 16

How much ATP is produced from the anaerobic glycolytic system?

Answer 16

2 ATP molecules.

Question 17

What is EPOC

Answer 17

The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above the amount that would have been consumed at rest during the same period.

Question 18

What is meant by the fast component of EPOC?

Answer 18

The restoration of ATP and PC stores and the re-saturation of oxygen in the myoglobin.

Question 19

How long does it take for PC stores to be restored during the fast component of EPOC?

Answer 19

3 minutes but 50% can be replenished within 30 seconds.

Question 20

How much oxygen is consumed during the fast component of EPOC to replenish PC stores?

Answer 20

3 litres of oxygen.

Question 21

How long does it take for the myoglobin to be re-saturated with oxygen during the fast component of EPOC?

Answer 21

Around 2 minutes.

Question 22

How much oxygen is consumed during the fast component of EPOC to re-saturate myoglobin with oxygen?

Answer 22

0.5 litres of oxygen.

Question 23

What does the oxygen in the slow component of EPOC do?

Answer 23

Remove lactic acid, replenish glycogen, maintain breathing and HR.

Question 24

How does oxygen help remove lactic acid?

Answer 24

When oxygen is present, it can be converted into pyruvates which can be used by the muscles as an energy store.

Question 25

How does oxygen help maintain breathing and HR?

Answer 25

Oxygen restores PC and myoglobin stores allowing the body to return to is pre-exercise state.

Question 26

How does oxygen help with glycogen replenishment?

Answer 26

Oxygen converts lactic acid back to blood glucose via the Cori cycle.

Question 27

What is the Cori cycle?

Answer 27

When lactic acid is transported to the liver and turned back into blood glucose and glycogen.

Question 28

What is lactate accumulation?

Answer 28

When lactate builds in the muscle during high intensity exercise.

Question 29

How does lactate accumulation affect the athlete?

Answer 29

Lactate slows down enzyme activity causing less glycolysis and therefore muscle fatigue.

Question 30

How is lactic acid levels measured?

Answer 30

Through blood lactate.

Question 31

What is meant by lactate threshold?

Answer 31

The point during exercise at which lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood.

Question 32

When does the lactate threshold occur?

Answer 32

When the body switches from working aerobically to anaerobically.

Question 33

What does OBLA stand for?

Answer 33

Onset blood lactate accumulation.

Question 34

What is OBLA?

Answer 34

The point when lactate levels go above 4 millimoles per litre of blood.

Question 35

What is the typical lactate threshold of an untrained performer?

Answer 35

50-60% of VO2max.

Question 36

What is the typical lactate threshold of a trained athlete?

Answer 36

70-90% of VO2max.

Question 37

How does the exercise intensity affect the rate of lactate accumulation?

Answer 37

The greater the intensity = the faster OBLA occurs.

Question 39

How does the muscle fibre type affect the rate of lactate accumulation?

Answer 39

Slow twitch fibres produce less lactate than fast twitch fibres.

Question 40

How does the rate of blood lactate removal affect the rate of lactate accumulation?

Answer 40

If the rate of removal is the same as production, lactate blood concentration will remain the same.

Question 41

How does the respiratory exchange ratio affect the rate of lactate accumulation?

Answer 41

At a ratio of 1:0, glycogen is the source of fuel and therefore lactate will accumulate quicker.

Question 42

How does the fitness of the performer affect the rate of lactate accumulation?

Answer 42

A person who trains regularly will have a greater lactate threshold and OBLA will be delayed.

Question 43

What is buffering?

Answer 43

A process which aids the removal of lactate and maintains acidity levels in the blood and muscle.

Question 44

How does buffering affect anaerobic performance?

Answer 44

It delays OBLA, allowing for a longer anaerobic performance.

Question 45

How does an athlete’s body fat % affect their VO2max?

Answer 45

Higher % = lower VO2max

Question 46

How does an athlete’s gender affect their VO2max?

Answer 46

Men typically have a VO2max 20% higher than women.

Question 47

How does training affect and athlete’s VO2max?

Answer 47

VO2max can be improved 10-20% after a period of aerobic training.

Question 48

How does an athlete’s age affect their VO2max?

Answer 48

The older the athlete = typically less VO2max.

Question 49

Define VO2max.

Answer 49

The maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up and used by the muscles per minute.

Question 50

How does an athlete’s lifestyle affect their VO2max?

Answer 50

Poor diet, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and poor fitness can decrease an athlete’s VO2max.

Question 51

Name the 4 methods of measuring energy expenditure.

Answer 51

Indirect calorimetry, Lactate sampling, VO2max test, Respiratory exchange ratio (RER)