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Mr MacGibbon Applied Anatomy and Physiology > Energy systems > Flashcards

Energy systems Flashcards

(39 cards)

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1
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • adenosine triphosphate
  • usable form of energy in the body
  • consists of adenosine and 3 phosphate groups
  • broken down by ATPase
  • releases energy so its an exothermic reaction
  • energy from foods is converted into ATP
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2
Q

What are the 3 energy systems that resynthesise ATP?

A
  • ATP-PC system
  • lactate anaerobic system
  • aerobic system
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3
Q

What does the chosing of the energy system used to resynthesise ATP depend on?

A
  • duration of exercise
  • intensity of exercise
  • oxygen availibility
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4
Q

How long does it take for ATP stores in the muscles to be used up?

A

2-3 seconds

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5
Q

How does the ATP-PC system work?

A
  • phosphocreatin (PC) is found in the sarcoplasm of the muscle
  • creatine kinase breaks the bond in PC which releases energy
  • ADP molecule uses the energy and the Pi group to create ATP in a coupled reaction
  • 1 molecule of PC creates 1 molecule of ATP
  • anaerobic
  • lasts 10 seconds
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6
Q

What are the positive and negatives of the ATP-PC system?

A

+ ATP can regenerate quickly
+ PC stores are replenished in 3 min
+ no fatiguing by-products
+ system can be extended by the use of creatine supplements
- only lasts 10 sec
- limited supply of PC in the body
- I ATP per PC
- regeneration only takes place with oxygen

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7
Q

How does the lactate anaerobic energy system work?

Anaerobic glycolytic system

A
  • provides energy for high intensity exercise
  • Glycogen is broken down into glucose by phosphofructokinase (glycolysis)
  • this releases 2 ATP and energy
  • glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid by glycogen phosphorylase
  • pyruvic acid is broken down into lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase
  • anaerobic
  • produces 2 ATP total
  • lasts 40 seconds
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8
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the lactate anaerobic system?

A

+ ATP is regenerated quickly
+ lactic acid is converted to glycogen when O2 is present
+ produces and extra burst of energy
- lactic acid by-product
- only small amount of energy is released

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9
Q

What are the differences between ATP generation in fast and slow twitch muscle fibres?

A

Fast-twitch they are recruited for high intensity activities so anaerobic respiration is their main pathway for energy production
Slow-twitch they are recruited for low to medium intensity exercise so therefore use aerobic respiration for energy production

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10
Q

What is lactate accumulation?

A
  • when during higher intensity exercise more lactic acid is produced
  • this releases H+ ions
  • as lactate accumulates it releases more H+ ions
  • these increase the acidity of the blood
  • slows down enzyme activity
  • causes muscle fatigue
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11
Q

What is the lactate threshold?

A

The point at which lactic acid accumulates rapidly in the blood

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12
Q

What is the onset of blood lactate accumulation?

(OBLA)

A
  • the crossing of the lactate threshold is the point at which lactic acid accumulates rapidly in the blood
  • at high intensities of exercise the body is unable to produce enough O2 to break down the lactate
  • the lactate levels build up and accumulate past 4millimoles/ litre
  • this is known as OBLA
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13
Q

What are the factores affecting the rate of lactate accumulation?

A
  • exercise intensity
  • muscle fibre type
  • VO2 max
  • respiratory exchange ratio
  • fitness level
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14
Q

What is buffering?

A

A process that aids the removal of lactate and maintains acidity levels in the blood and muscles

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15
Q

Hoe does the aerobic energy system work?

A
  • consist of three stges:
  • glycolysis
  • krebs cycle
  • electron transport chain
  • low intensity exercise
  • high oxygen supply
  • produces large amounts of ATP
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16
Q

What happens during glycolysis?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid
  • produces 2 ATP
  • happens in the sarcoplasm
    (converted into acetyle coenzyme A)
17
Q

What happens during the Kreb’s cycle?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • acetyle coenzyme a combines with oxaloacetate to form citric acid
  • undergoes oxidative carboxylation to give off carbon dioxide and hydrogen
  • produces 2 molecules of ATP
  • happens in the mitochondrial matrix
  • uses oxygen
18
Q

What happens during beta oxidation?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • fats enter the krebs cycle and by being broken down into glycerol and three fatty acids
  • fatty acids are converted into acetyl coenzyme A so it can enter the krebs cycle
  • more ATP can be made from one molecule of fatty acid compared to one molecule of glucose
19
Q

What happens during the electron transport chain?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • hydrogen from the krebs cycle is carried to the ETC by hydrogen carriers
  • hydrogen is split into into protons and electrons which are charged
  • hydrogen ions oxidise to form water with the ellectrons providing energy to resynthesise ATP
  • happens in the mitochondria
  • produces 28ATP
20
Q

What is the net gain of ATP from aerobic respiration?

21
Q

Describe oxygen consumption during exercise

Study These Flashcards
A
  • when exercising insufficient oxygen is distributed to the tissues for energy to be provided aerobically because it takes time for the body to respond to the increase in oxygen demand
  • results in energy being provided anaerobically to satisfy the demand for energy untill the body can cope
22
Q

What is maximal and submaximal oxygen deficit?

Study These Flashcards
A

Submaximal when there is not enough O2 available at the start of exercise to provide all the energy aerobically
Maximal the difference between the estimated oxygen cost of exercise and the accumulated oxygen uptake

23
Q

Describe oxygen consumption during recovery

Study These Flashcards
A
  • when a performer finishes exercise the oxygen consumption is still quite high
  • extra oxygen needs to be taken in to help the performer recover
  • consists of 2 main components of EPOC: fast replenishment and slow replenishment stage
24
Q

What is the breathlessness after exercise referred to as?

Study These Flashcards
A

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

25
What happens during the fast replenishment stage?
- uses extra oxygen to restore ATP, PC and resaturate myoglobin - surplus of oxygen supplied through EPOC helps replenish there stores, taking up to 2 min - complete restoration on PC takes 3 min but 50% of the stores are replenished after 30 sec - after exercise oxygen stores in the myoglobin are limited
26
What happens during the slow replenishment stage?
- known as the lactic acid components and has several functions - removal of lactic acid - full recovery might take up to an hour depending on intensity and duration - lactic acid can be removed in the following ways: - oxidation into CO2 and H2O in inactive muscles - transported in the blood to the liver + converted to glycogen - converted to protein - removed in sweat and urine
27
When does the slow repleniashment stage start?
As soon as lactic acid appears in muscle cells, and continues using oxygen until recovery is complete
28
How can a performer accelerate glycogen restoration?
Eating high-carbohydrate meal within 1 hour following exercise
29
What are the factors affecting VO2 max?
- increased max cardiac output - increased myoglobin content - reduced body fat - increased stroke volume - lifestyle (smoking reduces) - body composistion (more fat = lower) - gender (male = higher) - age (older = lower) - genetics - training (aerobic)
30
How can you meause energy expenditure?
- indirect calorimetry - lactate sampling - VO2 max test
31
How does lactate sampling work?
- measures the level of lactate in the blood - means of measuring exercise intesnity - gives idea of level of fitness - enables performer to select relevant training zones
32
How does indirect calorimetry work?
- measures how much CO2 produced and how muc O2 consumed at rest and at aerobic exercise - enables you to fins the main substarte being used - gives precise calculations for VO2 and VO2 max
33
How does VO2 max test work?
- multi-stage fitness test (bleep test) - harvard step test - cooper 12 min test - compared with standard results table - sports science laboratory produce more valid and reliable results using direct gas analysis
34
What is respiratory exchange ratio and what are the values? | RER
- ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed - measure of exercise intensity - RER valuce close to 1 = carbohydrates - RER valcur 0.7 = fats - RER value > 1 = anaerobic respiration
35
What is altitude training and what is its impact on the energy systems?
- carried out over 2500m - partical pressure of oxygen is lower - not as much oxygen can diffuse into the blood so haemoglobin is not fully saturated - reduction in aerobic performance and VO2 max - quicker onset of anaerobic respiration
36
What are the positives and negatives of altitude training?
+ increases number of RBC + increases conc. of haemoglobin + increases blood viscosity + increases capillarisation + enhanced oxygen transport + increased lactate tolerance - expensive - altitude sickness - difficult to train due to lack of oxygen - detraining (training intensity has to reduce due to decreased oxygen) - benefits lost quickly - psychological problems due to being away from home
37
What is HIIT training and what is its impact on the energy systems?
- high intensity interval training - short intervals of maximum intensity exercise - followed by recovery interval - work interval is anaerobic, rest period is aerobic - both aerobic and anaerobic endurance
38
What is plyometrics training and what is its impact on the energy systems?
- training that involves repeated, rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to improve power and speed - involves high intensity explosive activities using fast twitch fibres - eccentric phase, amortisation phase, concentric phase - uses stored energy to increase the force of contraction - works and develops anaerobic energy systems
39
What is Speed, Agility, Quickness training and what is its impact on the energy systems? | (SAQ)
- **speed** how fast a person can move over a specified distance - **agility** the ability to move the body quickly while under control - SAQ training aims to improve multidirectional movement by developing the neuromuscular system - zig zag runs and foot ladders - uses activities with maximum force at high speed so energy is provided anaerobically - develops anaerobic systems

Mr MacGibbon Applied Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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