Eng Flashcards by Precious lalaine Liban

defined as the exchange or the sharing of thoughts, ideas,
concepts, and views between or among two or more people in various
contexts.

Communication

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It has been derived from the Latin word, communicare which means

to impart or participate or to transmit.

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The word communicare is derived from
the root

communis means to share

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is an intentional communication that happens
within the bounds of specific contexts (Magan, et. al, 2018), and ‘context’ refers
to the situation, environment, social relationship and culture.

Purposive Communication

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What are the NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

SYMBOLIC.

AMBIGUOUS.

IRREVERSIBLE.

INEVITABLE.

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two types of symbol

Verbal and nonverbal

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We define communication as symbol using and meaning making.
Communicators exchange two types of symbols, verbal and/or nonverbal, and
attach meaning to said symbols

SYMBOLIC.

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When something can be interpreted in more than one way, we say that it is
ambiguous (from the word root “ambi-“, meaning both).

AMBIGUOUS.

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Language usually
involves both content and relationship (more on that in a moment), so we can
have both language ambiguity and relational ambiguity in our
communications.

AMBIGUOUS.

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Taste your words before you spit them out” is another saying that is prevalent
among communication scholars. Once something is spoken it cannot be unspoken.

IRREVERSIBLE.

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You cannot not communicate” is a term we communication scholars use quite
often. The phrase explicitly illustrates that we do not stop communicating and
that we are constantly communicating

INEVITABLE.

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ELEMENTS INVOLVED IN THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Sender
Receiver
Message
Channel
Feedback

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The sender is the person who is trying to communicate a message.

Sender

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is the recipient of the message and must translate the words
into thoughts, process the thoughts, and determine how to respond to the sender.

Receiver

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The information send to the receiver

Message

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is the medium used by the sender to send the message to the
receiver. This may be in-person, via telephone, e-mail, text message,
written correspondence or a third-party.

Channel

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is the process of determining if the message has been properly
received.

Feedback

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Is an important aspect of human society and it is used in some
way during almost every form of social interaction.

Communication

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Types of Communication According to Mode

Verbal Communication
Non-Verbal Communication
Paraverbal Communication

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Communication can
be better understood through the study of

Modes

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occur when two or more individuals speak to each
other, whether it be formally or informally, face-to-face or virtually, or via
telephone or video chat

Verbal Communication

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are equally as important as verbal
communications, and in many instances they occur at the same time, as well as
existing independently during other interactions.

Non-Verbal Communication

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This include body language, facial expressions, eye contact,
posture, appearance, sign language, and other movements that assist in
communicating when words are not the best option.

Non-Verbal Communication

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It refers to the messages that we transmit through the
tone, pitch, and pacing of our voices. It is how we say something, not what we
say.

Paraverbal Communication

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Types of Communication According to Purpose and Style

1. Formal Communication 2. Informal Communication

defined as the communication in which the information is reached through proper channels or routes. It is also called official communication.

Formal Communication

One of the major disadvantages of formal communication is

rules and regulations are very rigid.

defined as communication that does not undertake formal methods to communicate. People/ subordinates do not follow the rigid rules of the organization.

Informal Communication

One of the major advantages of informal communication is

it is very flexible. There is no rigidity or any kind of formality to hinder the communication. The disadvantage of this kind of communication is that rumors or misinformation spread at a rapid pace.

Types of Communication According to Context

1. Intrapersonal Communication 2. Interpersonal Communication 3. Intercultural Communication 4. Extended Communication 5. Organizational Communication

defined as communication with one’s self, and that may include self-talk, acts of imagination and visualization, and even recall and memory

Intrapersonal Communication

involves the information, ideas, and feelings being exchanged verbally or non-verbally between two or more people. Face-to-face communication often involves hearing, seeing, and feeling body language, facial expressions, and gestures.

Interpersonal Communication

It is exchanging information, meaning, feelings, and opinions between two or more people via verbal and non-verbal means.

Interpersonal Communication

is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process, in which people from different cultures create shared meanings.

Intercultural Communication

It involves the use of electronic media.

Extended Communication

on the role that communication plays in organizational contexts. Organizations comprise individuals who work for the company.

Organizational Communication

is the type that flows from upper to lower positions

Downward Communication

message transmission is from subordinates to their superiors/bosses bearing their views/feedback on organizational policies, issues related to their jobs and the like.

Upward Communication –

is lateral in approach as it takes place among people belonging to the same level but coming from different departments or units to facilitate performance of tasks through proper coordination

Horizontal Communication –

the approach is diagonal in nature as employee as employees from different units or departments working at various levels communicate with each other.

Crosswise Communication

comes from unofficial channels of message flow. Also known as “grapevine” messages coming from the different levels of the organization are transmitted

Informal Communication –

is the communication and assimilation among individuals, ethnicities, races, institution, governments of various nation supported by technology and compelled by international trade.

Globalization

Phases of Globalization

1.Humanizing the Globe 2: Localizing the Economy 3: The Old Globalization 4: The New Globalization

Impact of Globalization

1. Virtual Interactions 2. Cultural Awareness in Speech 3. Cultural Awareness in Body Language 4. Time Differences

It is a discipline that studies communication across different cultures and social groups, or how culture affects communication. It describes the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. I

Intercultural Communication

Cultural diversity makes communication difficult as the mind set of people of different cultures are different, the language, signs and symbols are also different

Cultural Barriers

Language is a very complex thing, and communication between people speaking different languages is difficult.

Language Barriers

Inaccurate and hostile stereotypes of people from other places can be a barrier to communication in the workplace.

Hostile Stereotypes

are assumptions people make about the traits of members of a group.

Stereotypes

between employees of different cultures can cause misunderstandings.

Behavioral Differences

What is considered an appropriate display of emotion can differ from culture to culture. In some countries, displaying anger, fear or frustration in the workplace is considered inappropriate in a business setting.

Emotional Display

Three Concentric Circles of English by Braj Kachru (1985)

1.The inner circle 2. The outer circle 3. The expanding circle

is comprised of those countries who are considered the 'traditional bases' of English, such as the U.K., U.S.A, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and anglophone Canada.

The inner circle

is comprised of countries where English is not spoken natively but is still maintained as an important language for communication (e.g. as an official 'second' language or as the nation's official language for business and commerce) largely due to historical reasons.

The outer circle

includes much of the rest of the world's population - countries that do not hold historical or governmental importance towards English, but class it as a foreign language or lingua franca.

The expanding circle

is a simplified form of speech formed out of one or more existing languages and used as a lingua franca by people who have no other language in common. Also known as a pidgin language or an auxiliary language

Pidgin

A pidgin that has become the native language of a speech community.

Creole

- the variety of language in a creole continuum that approximates most closely the standard variety of a major international language, as the English spoken in Guyana or Jamaica.

Acrolect

- the variety of language in a creole continuum that is most distinct from the acrolect.

Basilect

- any variety of language in a creole continuum that is intermediate between the basilect and the acrolect.

Mesolect

- It is variation in grammar and vocabulary in addition to sound variations.

Dialect

- This describes everyday language, including slang, that is used the people.

Vernacular

- A variety of English language that is used as the national norm- which is used in formal, printed and public address.

Standard English

This style of communications RARELY or NEVER changes.

Static Register

It is “frozen” in time and content.

Static Register

is used in formal settings and is one-way in nature. This use of language usually follows a commonly accepted format.

Formal Register

This is a standard form of communications. Users engage in a mutually accepted structure of communications. It is formal and societal expectations accompany the users of this speech. It is professional discourse.

Consultative Register

This is informal language used by peers and friends. Slang, vulgarities and colloquialisms are normal. This is “group” language.

Casual Register

This communications is private. It is reserved for close family members or intimate people. e.g. husband & wife, boyfriend & girlfriend, siblings, parent & children.

Intimate Register

Are different from slang words since they are not confined to one group of society or to one area of the country.

Colloquialisms

are common in spoken English. There is not much difference between colloquialisms and slang except that slang is less formal than colloquialisms.

Slang word

are very common and quite acceptable in spoken informal English, unlike other more formal contexts, as in

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Eng Flashcards

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