English Around the World Theory

Question 1

What do we call the countries where English is spoken as a first language?

Answer 1

An L1 country.

Question 2

What do we call the countries where English is spoken as a second or foreign language?

Answer 2

An L2 country

Question 3

One of the reasons why English is so widespread is because it was the language of The British _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 3

Empire

Question 4

English is so widespread because it is the most used language on the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 4

internet

Question 5

What does ‘Lingua Franca’ mean?

Answer 5

A trading or contact language between many groups who don’t speak the same language.

Question 6

Although English is spoken all over the world, the kind of English spoken is not necessarily the same as the English in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ or the same as in other countries.

Answer 6

Britain

Question 7

Linguists now often speak about Global _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ rather than Global English as there are many different varieties of English around the world.

Answer 7

Englishes

Question 8

What does ‘airdash’ mean in Indian English?

Answer 8

To take a sudden plane journey in response to an emergency

Question 9

What is a ‘matrimonial’ in Indian English?

Answer 9

A newspaper advert seeking marriage

Question 10

What does the ‘chicken business’ mean in Singapore English?

Answer 10

Prostitution

Question 11

What does ‘by eyepower’ mean in Singapore English?

Answer 11

Without effort or lazily

Question 12

What does ‘treadies’ mean in South African English?

Answer 12

Trainers

Question 13

What does ‘Min Ral’ mean in South African English?

Answer 13

Fizzy drinks

Question 14

What is the name of Braj Kachru’s model?

Answer 14

Three Circles Model

Question 15

Which circle is made up of regions where English is used as a first language (L1)?

Answer 15

The Inner Circle

Question 16

Kachru said that L1 countries act as ‘norm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ‘

Answer 16

Providers

Question 17

L1 countries provide the standard against which all other kinds of English are _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 17

judged

Question 18

UK, the USA, Australia, Canada and New Zealand are all examples of L1, L2 or L3 countries?

Answer 18

L1

Question 19

Which circle is made up of regions where English is used as a second language (L2)?

Answer 19

The Outer Circle

Question 20

Hong Kong, Ghana and Nigeria are all examples of L1, L2 or L3 countries?

Answer 20

L2

Question 21

Kachru said that L2 countries, such as Hong Kong, Ghana and Nigeria, are ‘norm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _’

Answer 21

Developing

Question 22

Norm Developing countries such as Hong Kong, Ghana and Nigeria, are develop their own _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ varieties.

Answer 22

distinct

Question 23

In the Expanding Circle, why is English used?

Answer 23

To communicate for purposes of business, politics and education.

Question 24

In which circle is English used for practical reasons and not for ‘cultural integration.’ (i.e. people don’t chat in it or write fiction or drama in it.)

Answer 24

The Expanding Circle

Question 25

What do Canadians call a public toilet?

Answer 25

'Washroom'

Question 26

Countries in the Outer Circle are norm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 26

dependent

Question 27

Countries in which circle rely on Inner Circle Englishes to tell them what is right and wrong.

Answer 27

Expanding Circle

Question 28

How do Canadians spell 'colour'

Answer 28

Colour with a 'u'

Question 29

How do Canadians spell 'criticise'?

Answer 29

Criticize with a 'z'

Question 30

In Canadian English, 'Mary and '_ _ _ _ _ ' are homophones

Answer 30

Marry

Question 31

In Canadian English, 'lager' and '_ _ _ _ _ _ ' are homophones

Answer 31

Logger

Question 32

Which sound do Canadian English tend to use in the word 'car park'?

Answer 32

The non-prevocalic /r/

Question 33

How do Canadians pronounce 'new'?

Answer 33

nju:

Question 34

Instead of petrol, Canadians say _ _ _.

Answer 34

Gas

Question 35

Instead of nappy, Canadians instead say _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 35

Diaper

Question 36

What do Canadians call a mobile?

Answer 36

Cell phone

Question 37

What do Canadians call a public toilet?

Answer 37

A washroom

Question 38

What do Canadians call a 'queue'?

Answer 38

A line-up

Question 39

Canadians tend to put the adverbial 'as well' where in the sentence?

Answer 39

At the start of a sentence, like 'As well I'll go to the shop.'

Question 40

In Canadian English, 'Yiz' is a second person _ _ _ _ _ _ pronoun.

Answer 40

plural

Question 41

Canadians us 'eh' as what? e.g. 'Nice day, eh.'

Answer 41

As a tag question

Question 42

British English is a _ _ _ _ _ _ - timed language

Answer 42

stress

Question 43

Indian English is a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - timed language

Answer 43

syllable

Question 44

A stress-timed language is when you stress the most important syllables in an utterance and _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ the rest

Answer 44

De-stress

Question 45

Indian English tends to stress all of it syllables _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Answer 45

Equally

Question 46

What does 'achaa' mean in Indian English?

Answer 46

Good

Question 47

What does 'bas' mean in Indian English?

Answer 47

Stop

Question 48

What does 'yaar' mean in Indian English?

Answer 48

Friend

Question 49

In Indian English, compound words using 'w _ _ _ _ _ ' meaning 'person associated with' are very common eg 'governmentw _ _ _ _ _ '

Answer 49

Wallah - Governmentwallah (person associated with the government)

Question 50

What is the term we use for the following examples: 'I am knowing this' instead of 'I know this' or 'I am loving you' instead of 'I love you'

Answer 50

Progressive aspect

Question 51

In Indian English, it is common to say "what she has done" instead of "what has she done" - what do we call this?

Answer 51

'Wh' interrogatives without inversion.

Question 52

In Indian English, they commonly use which word as a tag question?

Answer 52

'no' - e.g. You're going home, no?

Question 53

In Indian English, it is common to change words that start with a 'w' to a 'v' e.g. 'vhat are you doing.' - What do we call this?

Answer 53

v-w merging

Question 54

What is a lingua franca?

Answer 54

A trading or contact language, between groups of people who don't have a language in common.

Question 55

What is the name of the theorist who identified the Dynamic Model?

Answer 55

Edgar Schneider

Question 56

The 'Foundation' stage in Schneider's dynamic model explains how English is brought to a new territory by a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ group

Answer 56

powerful

Question 57

The 'Exonormative Stabilisation' stage in Schneider's dynamic model explains how the _ _ _ _ _ in the territory become bilingual using Standard English.

Answer 57

elite

Question 58

The 'N _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ' stage, in Schneider's Dynamic Model, is when the influence of Britain (or other English speaking country) weakens.

Answer 58

Nativisation

Question 59

The 'Endonormative Stabilisation' stage in Schneider's Dynamic Model, is when the new territory gains what?

Answer 59

Independence

Question 60

'D _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _' in Schneider's Dynamic Model, is when the new variety of English becomes widely spoken throughout the territory.

Answer 60

Differentiation