English grammar terms

Question 1

adjectival function (provide English definition or description)

Answer 1

the word or clause modifies a 体言, substantive

Question 2

adverbial function (provide English definition or description)

Answer 2

the word or clause modifies a verb

Question 3

topic (as a grammar term) (provide English definition or description)

Answer 3

a word or clause that establishes an important overall aspect of the sentence

Question 4

subject (as a grammar term) (provide English definition or description)

Answer 4

the word that pairs with the predicate to make a sentence, and can be either an object or an actor (agent)

Question 5

predicate (provide English definition or description)

Answer 5

verbs can be predicates but predicates can be other words

Question 6

minimal subject-predicate pair (provide English definition or description)

Answer 6

the most basic sentences based on the subject(s) and predicate(s) that pair, stripped of all modifying clauses, indirect and direct objects, and so on.

Question 7

direct object (provide English definition or description)

Answer 7

receives the action of the verb

Question 8

indirect object (provide English definition or description)

Answer 8

is indirectly involved in the action of the verb

Question 9

dependent clause (provide English definition or description)

Answer 9

tightly modifies something and makes very little sense if separated from the word it is modifying

Question 10

independent clause (provide English definition or description)

Answer 10

seems to stand fairly well on its own, might “float” in the sentence (separated away from the word or clause it modifies), or might be part of a sequence (logical or temporal and such)

Question 11

imperfect tense (provide English definition or description)

Answer 11

indicates hypothetic states, not-yet existing states (future tense), non-existing states (negative)

Question 12

perfect tense (provide English definition or description)

Answer 12

indicates existing states

Question 13

transitive verb (provide English definition or description)

Answer 13

verbs that can have a direct object, verbs that act on other things

Question 14

intransitive verb (provide English definition or description)

Answer 14

verbs that indicate a state of affairs, or are passively receiving action