English Language 1B

Question 1

What is Grice’s first maxim

Answer 1

Maxim of quality- Try to make your contribution one that is true

Question 2

What is Grice’s second maxim

Answer 2

Maxim of quantity - Do not make your contribution more of less informative than is required for the exchange

Question 3

What is Grice’s third maxim

Answer 3

The maxim of relevance - Make your contribution relevant to what has previously been said

Question 4

What is Grice’s fourth maxim

Answer 4

Maxim of manner - Be clear and not long winded

Question 5

Define conversation

Answer 5

[Nofsinger] everyday talk, interactive, at least two people, take turns, locally managed

Question 6

What is the mode

Answer 6

The medium of communication eg/ writing, speech

Question 7

What is the tenor

Answer 7

The relationship between participants, formal and informal, eg/ teacher student

Question 8

What is the domain

Answer 8

The area of activity/ topic of converstaion eg/ sport, cooking, poetry

Question 9

When might the maxim of quality be flouted

Answer 9

Deliberate lying, metaphorical and ironic use, eg/ “I’m freezing, it’s baltic in here.”

Question 10

When might the maxim of quantity be flouted

Answer 10

Being economical with the truth and missing out crucial details, eg/ “where did you go last night?” “I went out.”

Question 11

What might the maxim of relevance be flouted?

Answer 11

Deliberate change of subject when you don’t want to discuss something

Question 12

When might the maxim of manner be flouted?

Answer 12

Deliberate obscurity to exclude an out group, literary texts for literary effect, filibustering in parliament

Question 13

What are adjacency pairs?

Answer 13

[Schlegloff and Sacks] Pairs of utterances where the first part predicts the second eg/ question and answer, invitation and acceptance and refusal

Question 14

How might schizophrenic people infringe the maxims

Answer 14

Patients may make irrelevant or obscure responses and repeat involuntarily

Question 15

What is a phonaesthetic set

Answer 15

Words that begin with the same sound which have similar semantic meanings eg/ clench cling clip clutch

Question 16

What is onomatopoeia

Answer 16

A word that sounds like the thing it is describing eg/ plop, oink

Question 17

What is a dialect

Answer 17

A term used in some ways to refer to reigonal or non-social varieties in English

Question 18

What is a lingua franca

Answer 18

A language used widely for communication amongst native speakers for different languages eg/ English, Crede, Pigdin

Question 19

What is the subjective reaction test

Answer 19

A test used in sociolinguistics to identify prejudices about accents. Tapes are played of different people who speak different accents. Listeners are asked whether speakers are friendly, intelligent

Question 20

What is the matched guise test

Answer 20

A test used in sociolinguistics to identify prejudices about accents. Tapes are played of one speaker who speaks in different accents. Listeners are asked whether speakers are friendly, intelligent

Question 21

What is standard english

Answer 21

The vocabulary and grammar associated with the prestige written variety of English

Question 22

What is RP

Answer 22

The prestige, non regional accent of English

Question 23

What is a synonym

Answer 23

Two words with a similar meanings

Question 24

What is a hyponym

Answer 24

Two words in the same category

Question 25

What is an antonym

Answer 25

Two words with opposite meanings

Question 26

Are languages mostly mutually intelligible?

Answer 26

Mostly no, eg/ French and German, however some exceptions eg/ Dutch and Afrikaans, Norweigan and Swedish

Question 27

Are dialects mostly mutually intelligible?

Answer 27

Mostly yes, eg/ Scottish English and Standard English

Question 28

What is an isogloss?

Answer 28

A line marking the boundary between 2 regions which differ with respect to some linguistic feature

Question 29

What is a shibboleth?

Answer 29

A linguistic feature which is regarded as typical of an area/ group and is used to define them

Question 30

What is a language?

Answer 30

A whole body of words used by a nation, people or race, a 'tongue'

Question 31

What is sociolinguistics?

Answer 31

The systematic study of regional and social differences in variety data collected through interview or participant observation

Question 32

Generally, which is the preferred accent in terms of pleasantness, prestige and helpfulness?

Answer 32

RP/ standard accent of English, then an accent identical to your own

Question 33

Generally, which is the least preferred accent in terms of pleasantness, prestige and helpfulness?

Answer 33

Birmingham

Question 34

What is traditional dialectology?

Answer 34

The systematic study of differences in language varieties, especially regional

Question 35

Where are traditional dialects best preserved?

Answer 35

Rural over urban localities, less migratory group influence

Question 36

What factors contribute to linguistic variation?

Answer 36

Gender, age, social background, ethnic origin and style, geographical location

Question 37

Is there more or less regional linguistic variation in the upper classes?

Answer 37

Less, more regional variation in lower classes

Question 38

What are felicity conditions?

Answer 38

Performatives must have the right intention, right 'take up' and 'follow through\ actions. Eg/ wrong film name announced at Oscars = infelicitous

Question 39

Give examples of linguistic variation associated with young people

Answer 39

selfie, hashtag, technology jargon and acronyms, strawpedo

Question 40

Give examples of linguistic variations associated with region

Answer 40

Pronunciation variation of coke, singing in Yorkshire, butter glottal stop in Newcastle, or vocabulary variation of autumn/ fall in America