English paper 2 - gender Flashcards
(19 cards)
first-wave feminism
19th-early 20th century
focused on legal issues like laws, getting women the right to vote
second-wave feminism
1960-1980
focused on broader issues like sexuality, reproductive rights, discrimination in the workplace
third-wave feminism
started in the 1990s
embraced diversity and individualism in women
fourth-wave feminism
from early 2010s
focused on sexual harassment/abuse/violence, objectification of women and sexism in the workplace
what is the deficit model?
men and women speak differently-women’s speech is at a deficit/weaker
who studied the deficit model?
Jesperson and Lakoff
what was Jesperson’s idea?
women more often than men stop their sentences half way through
that women are delicate and don’t like coarse language (swearing)
what was Lakoff’s idea?
that women us language that includes:
hedging, polite forms, tag questions, avoid coarse language, hypercorrect grammar
what was Labov’s study about?
New York study. went into three different department stored of different wealth’s asking the same questions
wanted to see the different usage of the ‘r’ sound
what was concluded from Labov’s study?
women of all social classes were likely to use the correct pronunciation to have a higher social status
women also used hypercorrection more to gain overt prestige and respect
hypercorrection
the over-use of a grammar rule
what was Trudgill’s study about?
Norwich in east England. whether they pronounced the suffix -ing
what was concluded from Trudgill’s study?
a difference in men’s and women’s use of the “correct” use of standard English form
women used it frequently and found that they used it as a way for gaining social status and prestige
what is the dominance approach?
men use their power to reinforce their power while women assert their lack of power through their language choices
who studied the dominance approach?
Fisherman, dale spender
what was fisherman’s theory about?
shitwork theory.
women initiate conversation and have to continue conversations- conversation shitwork
this is due to male dominance
what was concluded from fisherman’s theory?
women initiate conversation and have to continue conversations- conversation shitwork
this is due to male dominance
what was dale spenders theory about?
interpreted women’s silence as a form of oppression
even simpler things like titles-‘mister’,’mistress’
what was zimmerman and west
