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Modern World History > Enlightenment > Flashcards

Enlightenment Flashcards

1
Q

Natural Rights

A

Rights we should naturally have in a state of nature.

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2
Q

Social Contract

A

An agreement between members of society to guarantee organization and peace.

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3
Q

Popular Sovereignty

A

Government based on decisions by the people.

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4
Q

Sovereign

A

A supreme ruler, especially a monarch

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5
Q

Geocentrism vs Heliocentrism

A

GEO: Earth is at center of universe.
HELIO: (Copernicus) Sun is at center.

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6
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

Law of inertia, lots of astronomical discoveries. Conflict with Catholic church bc he supported heliocentric theory.

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7
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus

A

Polish cleric (religious), astronomer, mathematician, created heliocentric theory.

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8
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Created scientific method. Did not like relying on medieval authorities.

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9
Q

Isaac Newton

A

Created laws of physics, laid foundations for study of calculus and mechanics.

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10
Q

Scientific Method

A

Method of inquiry based on experimentation in nature.

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11
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

SON: Bad, must create supreme to impose peace.
SOCIAL CONTRACT: People give up natural rights and freedom to king.

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12
Q

John Locke

A

SON: Bad.
SOCIAL CONTACT: Cannot give up natural rights (especially property). People can revolt.

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13
Q

Charles Montesquieu

A

SON leads to State of War.
Job of gov is to protect people from State of War.
Seperation of powers.

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14
Q

Jean-Jaques Rousseau

A

SOCIAL CONTRACT: Fraud against people by rich.
Direct Democracy / General Will.
Give up rights to community.

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15
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

Advocated for equality for women (especially education), went against Rousseau.

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16
Q

Ancient Regime

A

Political system of France until revolution (monarchy, estates)

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17
Q

First Estate

A

Clergy, wanted to vote by estate.

18
Q

Second Estate

A

Aristocracy (RICH), wanted to vote by estate

19
Q

Third Estate

A

Common folk, wanted to vote individually.

20
Q

Tennis Court Oath (FR)

A

Oath made by National Assembly (1789), vowed to continue meeting until they drew up a new constitution.

21
Q

Womens March (FR)

A

Many Parisian women marched on Versailles, demanding reforms.

22
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (FR)

A

All men are equal under law and have inviolable liberties. Gave power to people/nation (led by free MEN).

23
Q

Marie Antoinette

A

Wife of Louis XVI. Extravagance and opposition to reforms. Was guillotined.

24
Q

Louis XVI

A

King of France, didn’t grant reforms -> revolution.
Tried to escape France, was guillotined.

25
Q

Storming of the Bastille (FR)

A

People decapitated commanding officer, paraded his head. Peasants torched houses and archival. Very violent. Bastille was attacked bc it showed monarch power in the middle of Paris.

26
Q

Bastille (FR)

A

Armory and political prisoner prison.

27
Q

Jacobins (FR)

A

Most radical group of the national assembly. Poor, common people.

28
Q

Maximilien Robespierre

A

Led committee of public safety, part of most radical phases of French Revolution (killed many). His death ended the Terror.

29
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte

A

Came into power through coup. Emperor of France post revolution. Eased religious tensions, led wars for land. Was unable to conquer Russia which led to his fall. Similar to Hobbes.

30
Q

Saint Dominique (HR)

A

Location for Haitian Revolution, major sugar and coffee exports.

31
Q

Society of the Friends of the Blacks (HR)

A

Society formed by French people, protested France’s support of slavery.

32
Q

Affranchis

A

Free people of color, wanted same rights as whites.

33
Q

Toussaint Louverture

A

Rose to prominence (switched sides in war from SPANISH→FRENCH), an affranchi, wanted to maintain plantation labor but with paid wages.

34
Q

Boukman Dutty

A

Leader of Haitian revolution. Wanted to throw away god and listen to internal liberty.

35
Q

Rigaud

A

Leading military leader during Haitian Revolution. Aligned with revolutionary France.

36
Q

Role of Great Britain, France, and the United States in Haiti

A

GB was worried about their slaves revolting.
FRANCE influenced Haiti with their revolution.
US was also scared of slave revolts, stuff from Haiti was exported here.

37
Q

In what ways do the key ideas of Locke, Rousseau, Hobbes, and Montesquieu overlap and compete with each other? How does Mary Wollstonecraft fit into this discussion?

A

Hobbes and Locke have similar values, but Locke values property more, Montesquieu is all about dividing power and Rousseau wants power in the people, Wollstonecraft came from the side of women, going against the ideas of the men not giving women power (she disagreed with majority of their ideas since they gave women nothing and men everything).

38
Q

In what ways do logic and reason compete with religion as sources of authority? How can they both be useful and lead to erroneous conclusions?

A

Enlightenment led people to stray from religious concepts over reasoning (not all religious stuff is reasonable), and while logic does not always help, it did by allowing people to see a new side of things that brought the countries forward in development. Faith makes people more passionate and can be easily manipulated., logic can look over emotions and truth (racism, sexism).

39
Q

How do the ideas of the Enlightenment come into practice in France and Haiti?

A

In France, it made them want a better government, and also led them to stray from religious concepts over reasoning (not all religious stuff is reasonable),
Logic helped at this time by allowing people to see a new side of things that brought the countries forward in development. Enlightenment ideas made people want to challenge authority, this made them question their conditions, and they then wanted to rebel against what they now thought was bad.

40
Q

Committee of Public Safety

A

established and led by Robespierre, instigated the Reign of Terror, caused paranoia (psychological & physical terror, similar to Red Scare)

41
Q

Origins of the French Revolution

A

the Enlightenment, bad government, debt in government (due to supporting certain wars, led to taxing the nobles), unhappy people

Modern World History (2 decks)

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