Enlightenment

Question 1

What historical movements contributed to the Enlightenment?

Answer 1

Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution

Question 2

What did Enlightenment philosophers aim to apply to government and society?

Answer 2

Ideas and reason of the Scientific Revolution

Question 3

What were salons in the context of the Enlightenment?

Answer 3

Informal meetings where philosophers exchanged and debated ideas

Question 4

Who organized many of the salons during the Enlightenment?

Answer 4

Women

Question 5

What is a key idea that emerged from the Enlightenment regarding government?

Answer 5

Ideas about individual rights and people having a say in government

Question 6

What phrase is famously associated with René Descartes?

Answer 6

I think, therefore I am

Question 7

What did Enlightenment thinkers criticize regarding monarchy?

Answer 7

The divine right of kings

Question 8

What concept did Thomas Hobbes introduce regarding human nature?

Answer 8

People are naturally selfish, cruel, and greedy

Question 9

What is the title of Thomas Hobbes’ book published in 1651?

Answer 9

Leviathan

Question 10

What did Hobbes believe was necessary to prevent conflict among people?

Answer 10

Laws

Question 11

What was John Locke’s view on the purpose of government?

Answer 11

To protect people’s natural rights

Question 12

What is the social contract according to John Locke?

Answer 12

An agreement between people and their government

Question 13

What rights did John Locke believe should be protected by government?

Answer 13

Life, liberty, and property

Question 14

What document did John Locke’s ideas influence in America?

Answer 14

Declaration of Independence

Question 15

What political system did John Locke support?

Answer 15

Constitutional monarchies

Question 16

What is Montesquieu known for in political philosophy?

Answer 16

Separation of powers

Question 17

What is the title of Montesquieu’s book published in 1748?

Answer 17

The Spirit of Laws

Question 18

What did Montesquieu warn could happen if powers were not separated?

Answer 18

Liberty would be lost

Question 19

Which Enlightenment thinker advocated for religious tolerance and free speech?

Answer 19

Voltaire

Question 20

What is the title of Voltaire’s famous novel?

Answer 20

Candide

Question 21

What principle did Voltaire famously defend regarding speech?

Answer 21

Defending the right to say what one disapproves of

Question 22

What was Jean Jacques Rousseau’s view on the social contract?

Answer 22

It should be between people, not between people and a ruler

Question 23

What did Cesare Beccaria argue against in his writings?

Answer 23

Brutal punishments and torture

Question 24

What is the title of Cesare Beccaria’s book?

Answer 24

On Crimes and Punishments

Question 25

What amendments in the U.S. Constitution reflect Beccaria's ideas?

Answer 25

6th and 8th amendments

Question 26

What is an enlightened despot?

Answer 26

A ruler with absolute power who uses Enlightenment ideas

Question 27

What was a major outcome of the American Revolution influenced by Enlightenment ideas?

Answer 27

Overthrowing the king and establishing rights

Question 28

What document adopted by the National Assembly in France in 1789 reflects Enlightenment principles?

Answer 28

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

Question 29

What was a significant violent event during the French Revolution?

Answer 29

Beheading of thousands on the guillotine

Question 30

Who were some prominent women involved in the Enlightenment?

Answer 30

Madame Geoffrin, Abigail Adams, Olympe de Gouges, Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 31

What did Mary Wollstonecraft advocate for in her writings?

Answer 31

Equal rights and opportunities for women

Question 32

What did Abigail Adams famously remind her husband regarding women's rights?

Answer 32

To not forget women in the Revolution

Question 33

What was the role of women during the Enlightenment in advocating for rights?

Answer 33

Extending ideas of liberty and equality to women