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Parasitology Exam 2 > Enoplids > Flashcards

Enoplids Flashcards

1
Q

Genral features of Enoplids

A

Adults have no tail, body ends at anus
L1 infective ecept for D. Renale
L1 has styled (onchiostyle)

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2
Q

What is an onchiostyle

A

tooth like spear in buccal cavity

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3
Q

What is the one key feature of the super family Trichinelloidea

A

Stichosome, narrow tube surrounded by large grand cells- stichocytes

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4
Q

Common name for Trichuris spp

A

whip worms

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5
Q

Where are adult Trichuris found?

A

lower GI tract

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6
Q

T/F the posterior end of the Trichuris worm is attached to the gut mucosa

A

FALSE; anterior end is loosely stitched to into the gut epithelium, posterior end is free in the lumen

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7
Q

T/F Trichuri eggs cannot be distinguished from similar looking eggs

A

FALSE; trichuris is the inly ine that is symmetrical when you draw a line through the opercula

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8
Q

What are opercula?

A

they are the plugs present on eggs

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9
Q

T/F trichuris lay non embryonated eggs

A

True

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10
Q

Where does trichuris L1 larvae develop?

A

in the environment

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11
Q

What is the intermediate host of Trichuris spp

A

there isnt one, direct life cycle

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12
Q

What is larval migration patter of Trichuris

A

undergo mucosal migration in the Large intestinal epithelium

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13
Q

What animals are most affected by trichuris?

A

most severe in young animals

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14
Q

What will you see in infections with a heavy Trichuris adult population

A

Inflammation associated w/ attachment to the mucosal epithelium

Pigs most common species

Fresh (FRANK) blood vs melena (Hookworms)

bouts of diarrhea

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15
Q

How is Trichuris diagnosed?

A

Centrifugal flotation in sugar, must differentiate from cappilarid eggs (asymmetrical/banana shaped

Diagnosed at necropsy

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16
Q

T/F Pyrantel is the drug of choice for Trichuris infection

A

FALSE- nicotinic antimicrobials do not work

NO
Levamisole, Pyrantel, Morantel

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17
Q

_____ is used to treat Trichuris while ____ and ____ are the best ways to control it.

A

Macrocyclic lactones- benzimidazoles (some HW preventatives milbemycin oxime and moxidectin also work)

Sanitation- remove feces before L1 develops

Avoiding housing on soil

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18
Q

What species is known for recurrent Trichuris infections? Why?

A

Dogs- reinfection by infective eggs in the environmet

continued post tx of larval stages- larvae are less susceptible to anthelmintics

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19
Q

How do you prevent recurrence of trichuris infections?

A

prevent re-exposure to eggs in environment

retreat monthly 3x to kill maturing larvae

monthly heartworm preventative w/ activity against whipworms

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20
Q

What are the general characteristic of trichenella adults

A

very small, hair like 1.5 to 3 mm

females are larger, viviparous

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21
Q

What is special about the transmission of trichinella spp?

A

2 intermediate hosts

A single host has both infective L1 and adult stages of Trichinella

simultaneously serves as both Definitive and intermediate host

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22
Q

Transmission of Trichinella requires_____

A

ingestion of under cooked meat (Host 1)

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23
Q

Outline the life cycle of Trichinella in host #1

A

adults embedded in SI epithelium

Females produce pre-larvae that invade blood/lymph

invade striated muscle cell and mature to L1

develop gonadal primordia

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24
Q

What is a “nurse cell”

A

striated muscle cell that nourishes and protects infective L1 Trichinella spp.

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25
What are the preferred sites pre-larvae Trichinella invade?
diaphragm, tongue, intercostals, biceps, deltoids, gastrocnemius
26
What happens to L1 in muscle cells after 1 year?
they will calcify
27
Outline the life cycle of Trichinella in host #2
Host 2 ingests muslce of Host 1 L1 released in small intestine, invade epithelium, mature to adults Adults mate, male dies Female pdx prelarvae ~2 days, repeat Host1 cycle
28
What are teh 2 cycles of Trichinella spiralis?
Urban Cycle Sylvatic Cycle
29
What is the Urban cycle of T. spiralis?
Involves swine, rates, humans | Muscle w/ L1 ingested undercooked meat
30
What is the sylvatic cycle of T. spiralis?
maintenance of infection in wild animal populations
31
What are the common ways humans are infected w/ T. spiralis?
usually undercooked meat- pork/bear horse meat in Europe, other herbivores and dogs are associated with infection (fed table scraps/feeds w/ animal protein
32
What are the human clinical signs 1-2 weeks PI with T. spiralis?
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain- super vague
33
What are human clinical signs of T. spiralis infection 2-8 weeks PI?
due to L1 in tissues headache, fever, hills, myalgia, joint pain, swollen eyes, pruritic skin rash, cough, eosinophilia, potentially fatal
34
How is T. spiralis diagnosed?
History/clinical signs ELISA detection of Ab to T. spiralis
35
What is the definitive diagnosis of T. spiralis?
detection of L1 in muscle biopsy trichinoscope muscle digestion
36
How is T. spiralis prevented/controlled?
Cook pork/other meats to 137 Freezing Meat inspection avoid garbage feeding of hogs Rodent control Prevent livestock exposure to dead animal carcass
37
T/F using a microwave will kill any Trichinella species in meat
FALSE mircowave is inadewuate
38
How long must meat be frozen to kill T. spiralis/ T. nativa?
T spiralis is killed after 20 days at -15C T. nativa can survive at -20C for 6 months
39
T/F thetre is a National Trichinae Certification Program
TRUE
40
What is the Trichinae USDA Cert Program's goal?
"Establish a set of criteria that enable producers to market swine which are not considered a risk to human health due to exposure of this parasite"
41
What is the USDA Trichinae Cert Program?
Pre-harvest pork safety program On farm certification documents swine management practices that minimize risk of exposure to T. spiralis
42
____ this genus of worm is similar to Trichuris but the anterior width is = to the posterior
Capillarids
43
WHar is the general Life Cycle of Capillaria?
Adults aly eggs- shed in feces/urine (depening on location) Infective L1 develops in egg in environment New host ingests L1 in egg, IH or paratenic host migrates to preferred location
44
What is the IH of Capillaria?
Not really sure if its needed or not- Earhtworms
45
T/F Capillaria spp are of great pathological concern in ruminatns
FALSE there are several non-pathogenic species
46
What are the canid specific Capillaria species and where are they located?
C. boehmi: nasal and paranasal sinuses C. plica: urinary bladder
47
What are the feline specific Capillaria species and where are they located?
C. feliscati: urinary bladder
48
What Capillaria species infect both Candis/Felids and where are they located?
C. aerophilus: trachea and bronchi
49
Where are the general features of avian Capillaria species?
occur in the small instine CLinical signs reflect location of adults Most have a direct lifecycle
50
____ is commonly called the "foix lung worm"
Eucoleus (Capillaria) aerophilus
51
E. aerophilus is also very common in rural cats in the midwest and can casue:
clight cough in cats and dogs can be severe in kittens
52
Where are the adults of E. aerophilus located?
mucosa of trachea bronchi and bronchioles
53
Describe the life cycle of E. aerophilus:
adults on mucosa of trachea bronchi and bronchioles Eggs in feces infective L1 develops w/in egg Earthworms may be IH egg/worm ingested migration from gut to lung
54
How is E. aerophilus diagnosed?
Detect eggs in feces/sputum bipolar plugs, divide into asymmetrical halves use hgih SG sugar float
55
How are Capillaria eggs differentiated from Trichuris, Aoncotheca and E. boehmi eggs?
Rarely find Trichuris eggs in cats Asymmetrical E. boehmi eggs are pitted Aoncotheca _______
56
How is E. aerophilus prevented?
Sanitation avoid dirt runs dont allow pets to roam putdoors
57
Where is E. boehmi found?
nasal passages and sinuses
58
How is E. boehmi diagnoses?
ID egg in feces or nasal discharge Egg surface is pitted
59
What is characteristic about the history of dogs w/ E. boehmi infections?
History of prior tx w/ antibiotics, steroids/antihistamines Rhitis w/ chronic nasal discharge- serosanguineous to purulent uni/bilateral severe epistaxis
60
What is used to diagnose E. boehmi?
Rhinoscopy to detect adults on nasal mucosa detection of eggs in nasal flush/feces
61
Describe E. boehmi eggs
``` clear to golden brown barrel shaped asymmetric bipolar oipercula Surface is pitted ```
62
Where are Pearsonema adults located?
urinary bladder epithelium
63
What 2 Pearsonema species did we learn about?
P. plica | P. feliscati
64
What are the signs of Pearsonema spp. infections?
asymptomatic
65
____this organism's essential paratenic host is the earthwomr
Pearsonoma spp
66
What is meant by essential paratenic host w/ regards to Pearsonema spp.?
L1 wont develop in earthworm, but wont hatch from egg if ingested directly by dog or cat
67
Where are the eggs found for Pearsonema spp.?
In the urine, must differentiate from Dictophyma
68
How is capilariosis treated?
Macrocyclic lactones, Benzimidazoles
69
____ is known as the giant Kidney worm
Dioctophyme renale
70
What are the general features of the genus Dioctophyme?
adults usually in cyct like cavity in host most produce resistant non-embryonated eggs that develop in water DH typically carnivores
71
____ is the preferred host of D. renale
MINK wild and domestic canids
72
What is the intermediate host of D. renale?
aquatic oligochaete- water worms
73
What are the common paratenic hosts of D. renale?
frogs, fish
74
What is the typical history you would expect for a dog w/ D. renale infection?
outdoor dog w/ access to water ways frequented by wild mink
75
What is the Life cycle of D. renale?
Adults usually in right kidney Eggs in urine if both M/F adult in Urinary tract L1 develops in water, can survive for years IH- "mudworms" ingests egg w/ L1, develops to L3 Paratenic hosts ingest worm w/ L3 DH weats IH/paratenic w/ L3 Larval migartion- exits GI into peritoneal cavity to kidney
76
What are the clinical signs of the typical D. renale infection?
asymptomatic- the non-infected kidney hypertrophies only issue if both kidneys infected- then see renal disease
77
How are D. renale eggs detected?
Urine- centrifugation, examine sediment detection of worm at necropsy/surgery
78
Whats characteristic about D. renale eggs?
thick shell w/ rough surface; described as pitted sculpted w/ ridges yellow brown football shaped w/ opercula 1-2 cell stage when passed in urine
79
What is the Tx for D. renale?
surgical removal of infected kidney/worms supportive care Prevention via restricted access to waterways, ingestion of fish/frigs from edemic areas
80
i like round numbers so i added this slide
because I can so SUCK IT NIC

Parasitology Exam 2 (7 decks)

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