Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PM Finals > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial causes of otitis media

A

Streptococcus pneumonia
Moraxella Catarrhalis
Haemophillus pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 signs to diagnose acute otitis media

A

Acute onset of symptoms

Presence of middle ear effusion-> bulging TM, otorrhoea, decreased mobility of TM

Inflammation of TM (erythema)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Management of acute Ottis media (& Abx criteria)

A

self limiting usually!! & analgesia

  • Seek medical advice if symptoms do not improve after 3 days

Antibiotics prescribed immediately if:
- more than 4 days of symptoms/ not improving
- systemically unwell
- immunocompromised
- younger <2 w bilateral OM
- OM w perforation/ canal discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

If Abx given for acute Ottis media, first line & duration?

A

5-7 days of amoxicillin

penicillin allergy: erythromycin or clarithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Acute sinusitis infectious agents

A

Strep pneumonia
Haemophillus influenza
Rhinovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Management of acute sinusitis

A
  • analgesia
  • intranasal corticosteroids if symptoms present for over 10 days
  • oral Abx if severe: systemically unwell, high risk of complications, double sickening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mx of allergic rhinitis

A
  • allergen avoidance
  • mild/ moderate: oral or intranasal antihistamines
  • moderate/ severe persistent: intranasal corticosteroids

short course oral corticosteroids for important life events

(maybe oral decongestants but only for short courses -> tachyphylaxis and rhinitis medicamentosa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why should topical nasal decongestants (give example) not be used for prolonged periods?

A

Oxymetazoline

Tachyphylaxis - increasing dose are required to achieve same effect

Rhinitis medicaments - Rebound hypertrophy of nasal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the threshold of normal hearing on an audiogram?

A

20dB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Management of BPPV

A

Epley manoeuvre (80% success)

Brandt-Daroff exercises - vestibular rehabilitation

(medication - betahistine is of limited value)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is black hairy tongue & management?

A

defective desquamation of the filiform papillae - may be black, brown, green, pink or another colour.

RFs: poor oral hygiene, abx, radiation, HIV, IV drug use

Mx
swab tongue to exclude Candida
topical antifungals if Candida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Branchial cyst morphology

A

px- early adulthood
asymptomatic
lateral neck lump, anterior to sternocleidomastoid muscle

acellular fluid with cholesterol crystals , encapsulated by stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

differentials of neck lumps in children (congenital, inflammatory, neoplastic)

A

congenital: branchial cyst, thyroglossal cyst, dermoid cyst, vascular malformation

inflammatory: reactive lymphadenopathy, lymphadenitis,

neoplastic: lymphoma, thyroid tumour, salivary gland tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

chronic rhino sinusitis definition

A

inflammatory disorder of the paranasal sinuses and linings of the nasal passages

lasts 12 weeks or longer!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mx of recurrent or chronic sinusitis

A

avoid allergen
intranasal corticosteroids
nasal irrigation with saline solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

red flags for rhino sinusitis symptoms

A

unilateral
persistent despite 3mo compliant tx
epistaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Criteria for suitability of cochlear implant

A

severe to profound hearing loss

children: audiological assessment , difficulty developing basic auditory skills

adults: completed a trial of appropriate hearing aids for at least 3 months

surviving spiral ganglion neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Causes of severe-to-profound hearing loss In children

A

Genetic (accounts for up to 50% of cases).
Congenital e.g. following maternal cytomegalovirus, rubella or varicella infection.
idiopathic (accounts for up to 30% of childhood deafness).
Infectious e.g. post meningitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Causes of severe-to-profound hearing loss In adults

A

Viral-induced sudden hearing loss.

Ototoxicity e.g. following administration of aminoglycoside antibiotics or loop diuretics.

Otosclerosis

Ménière disease

Trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

otosclerosis inheritance pattern

A

Autosomal dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which frequencies are affected in noised damage hearing loss?

A

frequencies of 3000-6000 Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ototoxic drugs

A

aminoglycosides (e.g. Gentamicin), furosemide, aspirin and a number of cytotoxic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cos affected in acoustic neuroma?

A

CN 8, 5, 7

NF type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Tx for ear wax

A

Irrigation or Ear drops:
- olive oil
- sodium bicarb
- almond oil

(CI to mx: perforation/ grommets)

25
Mx of epistaxis (haemodynamically stable)
First aid measures: - ask pt to sit w torso forward & mouth open - pinch (cartilaginous) soft area of nose firmly for 20 mins First aid measures successful: - topical antiseptic (Naseptin - chlorhexidine & neomycin or Mupirocin) - reduce crusting and the risk of vestibulitis - admission if potential underlying cause (comorbidity or under 2-leukaemia?) Unsuccessful: - cautery if bleed source visible & antiseptic - packing if source not visible - failed everything: sphenopaletine ligation
26
Naseptin cream should be cautioned in which patients
contains peanut oil so patients that have peanut, soy or neomycin allergies
27
Causes of gingival hyperplasia
Drug causes of gingival hyperplasia - phenytoin - ciclosporin - calcium channel blockers (especially nifedipine) Other causes of gingival hyperplasia include - acute myeloid leukaemia (myelomonocytic and monocytic types)
28
Red flag of unilateral glue ear?
Unilateral glue ear in an adult needs evaluation for a posterior nasal space tumour -> ENT 2ww
29
Gingivitis mx
simple gingivitis: - dentist review acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis: - dentist referral &... - oral metronidazole for 3 days - chlorhexidine (0.12% or 0.2%) or hydrogen peroxide 6% mouth wash - simple analgesia
30
Glue ear tx options
- active observation for 3 months if first presentation - grommet insertion - adenoidectomy
31
2ww criteria for laryngeal cancer
aged 45 and over with: - persistent unexplained hoarseness or - unexplained lump in the neck
32
2ww criteria for oral cancer
suspected cancer 2ww: - unexplained ulceration in the oral cavity >3 weeks or - persistent and unexplained lump in the neck. urgent referral 2ww to dentist : - a lump on the lip or in the oral cavity or - a red or red and white patch in the oral cavity consistent with erythroplakia or erythroleukoplakia.
33
malignant ottis media cause
Pseudomonas aeruginosa in immunocompromised ppl - 90% in diabetics
34
non-resolving otitis media mx
potentially malignant otitis externa so... Urgent referral to ENT CT scan IV antibiotics that cover pseudmonal infections
35
Ix& Mastoiditis mx
clinical dx, but CT if complications suspected IV antibiotics
36
Mx of Meniere's
- ENT assessment to confirm dx - Patients should inform DVLA: cease driving until satisfactory control of symptoms - Acute: buccal or IM prochlorperazine (admission sometimes required) - Prevention: betahistine and vestibular rehabilitation exercises maybe of benefit
37
oral lesion 2ww refer to oral surgery criteria:
- oral ulceration/ mass > 3 weeks - red/ white patches which are painful, swollen, bleeding - unilateral head/ neck pain > 4 weeks, associated w ear ache - recent neck lump/ previously undiagnosed lump that has changed over a period of 3 to 6 weeks - persistant sore or painful throat - abnormalities in oral cavity > 6wks, which cannot be diagnosed as a benign lesion
38
RFs for oral ca
> 40, smokers, heavy drinkers, chew tobacco or betel nut (Areca nut)
39
Samter's triad
asthma aspirin sensitivity nasal polyposis
40
nasal polyps tx
red flag: unilateral symptoms or bleeding Mx: - referred to ENT for a full examination - topical corticosteroids shrink polyp size in 80% of pts
41
nasopharyngeal carcinoma aetiology
squamous cell carcinoma rare, except Southern China Epstein Barr virus
42
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma px
ear: unilateral serum otitis media , otalgia nose: nasal obstruction, discharge, epistaxis CN palsies: 3-6 (dx- CT head, mx- radiotherapy)
43
pharyngeal pouch anatomy
posteromedial herniation between thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles
44
cystic hygroma px?
congenital lymphatic lesion (lymphangioma) typically found in the neck, classically on the left side px birth-2yrs
45
Causes of otitis externa
infection: bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) or fungal seborrhoeic dermatitis contact dermatitis (allergic and irritant) recent swimming is a common trigger of otitis externa
46
otitis externa mx
topical antibiotic w or without steroid if doesn't work ---> ENT referral if perforated (aminoglycosides not used - ENT say this is BS) (careful if elderly diabetic- malignant otitis media needing IV abx ?)
47
types of benign parotid tumours
most common: Benign pleomorphic adenoma or benign mixed tumour - malignant transformation common Warthin tumor (papillary cystadenoma lymphoma or Adenolymphoma) - also benign, lymphocytic infiltrate and cystic epithelial proliferation , males monomorphic adenoma Heamangioma - mainly in children less than 1
48
Malignant parotid gland tumors
Muciepidermoid carcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma Mixed tumours Acinic cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Lymphoma
49
perforated tympanic membrane tx
- advice - will heal after 6-8 wks. Avoid getting water in ear - abx if following acute otitis media - myringoplasty if tympanic membrane doesn't heal by itself
50
ramsy hunt tx
oral aciclovir and corticosteroids
51
salivary gland types and content
parotid (serous) - most tumours submandibular (mixed) - most stones sublingual (mucous)
52
sore throat (pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and laryngitis) mx
- paracetamol or ibuprofen for pain relief - Abx not routinely indicated but if indicated --->phenoxymethylpenicillin (or clarithromycin if pen allergy), 7-10 day course Abx indications - marked systemic upset - unilateral peritonsillitis - rheumatic fever hx - increased risk from acute infection (child with diabetes mellitus or immunodeficiency) - 3 or more Centor criteria are present
53
Centor criteria
- tonsillar exudate - tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy or lymphadenitis - fever - absence of cough score = Likelihood of isolating Streptococci 0-2 = 3 to 17% 3-4 = 32 to 56%
54
FeverPAIN criteria
Fever over 38°C. Purulence (pharyngeal/tonsillar exudate). Attend rapidly (3 days or less) Severely Inflamed tonsils No cough or coryza
55
drug causes of tinnitus
Aspirin/NSAIDs Aminoglycosides Loop diuretics Quinine
56
indications of tonsillectomy. all of the following:
sore throats are due to tonsillitis (i.e. not recurrent upper respiratory tract infections) the person has five or more episodes of sore throat per year symptoms have been occurring for at least a year the episodes of sore throat are disabling and prevent normal functioning
57
vestibular neurinitis mx
rapid relief for sever cases buccal or IM prochlorperazine less severe: short oral course of prochlorperazine chronic: vestibular rehabilitation exercises
58
malignant otitis externa tx
urgent ENT referral (non-resolving OE w worsening pain) IV antibiotics covering pseudomonas infections: - ciprofloxacin - topical - flucloxacillin - for systematic infection
59

PM Finals (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions