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ENT Flashcards

1
Q

What are the treatments for allergic rhinitis?

A

oral and intranasal antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, and leukotriene receptor antagonists

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2
Q

this oral antihistamine generation penetrates the CNS, interacts with receptors other than just H1, and has anticholinergic properties

A

first generation

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3
Q

this generation of oral antihistamine has minimal distribution in CNS and is specific for H1 receptors

A

second generation

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4
Q

are these 1st or 2nd gen oral antihistamines:
hydroxyzine
promethazine
chlorpheniramine
diphenhydramine
doxylamine
meclizine

A

1st generation

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5
Q

are these 1st or 2nd generation oral antihistamines:
desloratadine
cetirizine
fexofenadine
loratadine
levocetirizine

A

2nd generation

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6
Q

oral antihistamines used for allergic rhinitis

A

loratadine, desloratadine, fexofenadine

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7
Q

oral antihistamine that helps with pregnancy induced n/v

A

doxylamine in combo with vitamin B6

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8
Q

oral anithistamines for motion sickness prevention

A

diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, meclizine

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9
Q

oral antihistamines for insomnia

A

diphenhydramine and doxylamine

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10
Q

oral antihistamine with antiparkinsonism effect

A

diphenhydramine

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11
Q

ADRs of oral antihistamines include..

A

sedation and anticholinergic effects

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12
Q

intranasal antihistamines for allergic rhinitis include…

A

Azelastine nasal (Astelin)
Olopatadine nasal (Patanase)

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13
Q

these are examples of __________ __________ used for allergic rhinitis
Beclomethasone nasal (Beconase AQ)
Budesonide nasal (Rhinocort Aqua)
Fluticasone propionate nasal (Flonase)
Mometasone nasal (Nasonex)
Triamcinolone nasal (Nasacort AQ)

A

intranasal corticosteroids

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14
Q

What is the main MOA of intranasal corticosteroids?

A

reduces proinflammatory mediators (PGs, LTRs, cytokines)
vasoconstriction of nasal passages
decreases sneezing, itching, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion

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15
Q

name a mast cell stabilizer used for allergic rhinitis

A

cromolyn inhaled (Intal)

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16
Q

mast cell stabilizer MOA

A

stabilizes mast cell and eosinophil plasma membranes, which prevents release of histamine

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17
Q

leukotriene receptor antagonist used for allergic rhinitis

A

motelukast (singulair)

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18
Q

what are the treatments for acute bacterial sinusitis?

A

NSAIDs, steam therapy, saline washes, intranasal corticosteroid

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19
Q

if abx are implicated for acute bacterial sinusitis, what is the first line tx?

A

augmentin

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20
Q

what are tx options for cough and cold?

A

oral and topical nasal decongestants, antitussives, expectorant

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21
Q

name the oral decongestants used for cough and cold

A

psedoephedrine, pseudoephedrine/ loratadine, phenylephrine

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22
Q

MOA of oral decongestants

A

stimulates adrenergic receptors and induces release of NE

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23
Q

ADRs of oral decongestants

A

increased BP, urinary retention, insomnia, HA, tachycardia, palpitations, anxiety, tremor, nausea

24
Q

who should avoid oral decongestants

A

BPH and HTN

25
what two topical nasal decongestants are used for cough and cold
phenylephrine and oxymetazoline
26
MOA of topical nasal decongestants
alpha agonists
27
ADRs of topical nasal decongestants
same as oral, also rebound congestion
28
what are the three antitussives used for cough and cold?
dextromethorphan, benzonatate, codeine
29
how does dextromethorphan work?
depresses medullary cough center
30
how does benzonatate work?
local anesthetic, reduces sensitivity of stretch receptors
31
how does codeine work?
CNS cough suppressant
32
what is the main expectorant used for cough and cold?
guaifenesin
33
what does guaifenesin do?
thins airway mucus
34
what are the main treatments for glaucoma?
PGs, non-selective beta blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, cholinergic agonists
35
what are the 3 PGs used for glaucoma?
travoprost, bimatoprost, latanoprost
36
PG MOA
increases aqueous outflow
37
ADRs of PGs
changes in iris pigmentation, eyelash growth, redness, tearing, eye pain
38
what are 4 non-selective beta blockers used for glaucoma?
timolol, betaxolol, levobunolol, carteolol
39
non-selective beta blocker MOA
reduces aqueous humor production
40
ADRs of non-selective beta blockers
burning, stinging, itching, changes in vision, photosensitivity
41
what are 2 carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used for glaucoma?
brinzolamide, dorzolamide
42
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor MOA
reduces aqueous humor production
43
ADR of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
bitter taste
44
what are 2 cholinergic agonists used for glaucoma?
pilocarpine and carbachol
45
cholinergic agonist MOA
increases aqueous outflow
46
what are 7 common treatments for allergic conjunctivitis
antihistamines antihistamines/ nasal decongestant antihistamine/ mast cell stabilizer mast cell stabilizers steroids NSAIDs moisturize with blink
47
what are the antihistamines used for allergic conjunctivitis?
ketotifen, levocetirizine, emedastine
48
what is an antihistamine/ decongestant used for allergic conjunctivitis?
naphazoline/ pheniramine
49
what antihistamines/ mast cell stabilizers are used for allergic conjunctivitis?
azelastine, epinastine, olopatadine
50
what 2 mast cell stabilizers are used for allergic conjunctivitis?
nedocromil, cromolyn
51
what NSAID is commonly used for allergic conjunctivitis
ketorolac
52
what 2 steroids are commonly used for allergic conjunctivitis?
dexamthasone, prednisolone
53
what are 4 common treatments of bacterial conjunctivitis?
polytrim fluroquinolones aminoglycosides macrolides
54
what 2 fluroquinolones are commonly used for bacterial conjunctivitis?
moxifloxacin ciprofloxacin
55
what 2 aminoglycosides are commonly used for bacterial conjunctivitis?
gentamicin tobramycin
56
what 2 macrolides are commonly used for bacterial conjunctivitis?
azithromycin, crythromycin

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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