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ENT Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the 2 tiny skeletal muscles: stapedius muscle and tensor tympani muscle?

A

Limited ossicles from vibrating and minimizes damage to hearing receptors when loud sounds assault the ear.

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2
Q

Function of the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

Equalises pressure in the middle ear cavity.

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3
Q

Outline the pathway of sound waves.

A

Sound waves go through pinna and into the auditory canal. Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane. Vibrations are carried by the Malleus, Incus, and Stapes to the oval window moving through fluid in Scala vestibuli, causing pressure waves in the internal ear to stimulate receptors in the cochlear duct. Impulses are produced moving to the vestibulocochlear nerve to the cerebrum, where hearing is interpreted.

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4
Q

Name the 3 smallest bones in the body.

A

Auditory ossicles:
1 . Malleus
2. Incus
3. Stapes
MIS

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5
Q

Involvement of the 3 major areas of the ear?

A
  1. External ear structure: hearing only
  2. Middle ear structure: hearing only
  3. Internal ear structure: hearing and equilibrium
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6
Q

What is another name for the external acoustic meatus?

A

Auditory canal.

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7
Q

What is the tympanic membrane’s function in the ear structure ?

A

It is the boundary between the outer and middle ear.

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8
Q

What are the major divisions of the internal ear?

A

Bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth.

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9
Q

What is a common cause of otitis media?

A

A sore throat.

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10
Q

What is the normal state of the Eustachian tube?

A

Normally flattened and closed.

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11
Q

What separates the nasal cavity from each other?

A

The midline nasal septum.

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12
Q

What is the function of the ossicIes?

A

Transmit the vibratory motion of the eardrum to the oval window.

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13
Q

What is filled with perilymph?

A

The bony labyrinth.

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14
Q

What is the hoIIow center of the auricle called?

A

Concha.

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15
Q

What does the external acoustic meatus extend from and to?

A

Extends from the auricle/pinna to the tympanic membrane.

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16
Q

What do ceruminous glands secrete?

A

Cerumen (earwax).

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17
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Extensions of the nasal cavity into surrounding bones.

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18
Q

what does the anterior wall of the middle ear contain?

A

The opening of the pharyngotympanic tube [Eustachian tube]

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19
Q

What is the fleshy part of the auricle that lacks supporting cartilage called?

A

Lobule (earlobe).

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20
Q

What does the Eustachian tube link ?

A

The middle ear cavity with the nasopharynx.

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21
Q

What are the three regions of the bony labyrinth?

A

Vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea.

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22
Q

Where is the tympanic membrane located in relation to the middle ear?

A

Lateral to the middle ear.

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23
Q

What is located medial to the middle ear?

A

The bony wall of the oval and round windows.

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24
Q

Why is otitis media more frequent in children?

A

Their Eustachian tubes are shorter and run more horizontally.

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25
What is otitis media?
Middle car infection.
26
What shape does the external nose have?
Pyramidal.
27
What are the anterior and posterior apertures of the nasal cavities?
Nares (anterior) and choanae (posterior).
28
What closes the airway during swallowing?
The epiglottis.
29
What structures make up the external ear?
Auricle and external acoustic meatus.
30
What is the membranous labyrinth?
A series of membranous sacs and ducts within the bony labyrinth.
31
What is another name for the auricle?
Pinna.
32
How many chambers does the cochlea have?
Three (3): scala vestibule, scala media, and scala tympani.
33
What happens when sound waves enter the auditory canal?
They hit/ vibrate the tympanic membrane.
34
What suspends the ossicles?
Tiny ligaments.
35
How are the ossicles linked together?
Through synovial joints.
36
What does the cochlea house?
Organ of Corti.
37
What does equilibrium depend on?
Inputs from the internal ear, vision, and stretch receptors.
38
What forms the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
Bone, cartilage, and soft tissue.
39
What are the nasal conchae?
Three curved shelves of bone (superior, middle inferior)
40
What does the external nose do?
Extends the nasal cavities into the front of the face.
41
How long and wide is the external acoustic meatus?
Approximately 2.5 cm long and 0.6 cm wide.
42
What does the pharynx link / function of the pharynx?
The oral and nasal cavities to the larynx and esophagus.
43
What is the elevation anterior to the external acoustic meatus?
Tragus.
44
where do sphenoid sinuses open?
Into the roof of the nasal cavity.
45
Types of sinuses?
1. Ethmoidal sinuses 2. Maxillary sinuses 3. Frontal sinuses 4. Sphenoidal sinuses
46
What are the two classifications of deafness?
1. Conduction deafness in the outer/ middle ear. 2. Sensorineural deafness in the inner ear.
47
What is the cochlea?
A spiral, conical bony chamber.
48
What is the function of constrictor muscles?
Constriction of the pharynx.
49
Where is the internal ear located?
Deep in the temporal bone.
50
How is the Eustachian tube opened?
By swallowing or yawning.
51
Why must the pressure on both surfaces of the eardrum be equal?
To allow the eardrum to vibrate freely.
52
Where are equilibrium receptors located?
Semicircular canals and vestibule.
53
What is the function of the auricle (in hearing) ?
Funnel sound waves into the external acoustic meatus.
54
What is the composition of the auricle?
Elastic cartilage covered with skin.
55
What are the two groups of pharyngeal muscles?
Constrictor muscles and Longitudinal muscles.
56
What happens to the oropharyngeal isthmus when swallowing?
It opens.
57
What is anosmia?
The loss of smell.
58
What is another name for the middle ear?
Tympanic cavity.
59
What is the epitympanic recess?
Superior to the tympanic cavity, forming the roof of the middle ear cavity.
60
What is the composition of the middle ear?
A small, air-filled , mucosa-lined cavity in the temporal bone.
61
What lines the external acoustic meatus?
Skin bearing hairs, sebaceous glands, and ceruminous glands.
62
What type of glands are ceruminous glands?
Modified sweat glands.
63
What is the helix?
The rim of the auricle.
64
What happens to the Eustachian tube during surallowing/ yawning?
It opens briefly to equalize pressure in the middle ear cavity.
65
What is deafness?
Any hearing loss.
66
What can cause conduction deafness?
Compacted earwax or a perforated eardrum.
67
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
To house receptors for olfaction and filter air.
68
Where are the oIfactory receptors located?
In the olfactory epithelium.
69
What stimulates olfactory receptors?
Air entering the nasal cavity.
70
What can cause anosmia?
Head injuries or neurological disorders.
71
What are the three divisions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
72
What structure do nasolacrimal ducts allow tears to drain into?
Inferior nasal meatus.
73
State the innervation of nasal cavities for oIfaction/ Sense of smell?
Olfactory nerve
74
State the innervation of nasal cavities for general sensation?
Trigeminal nerve.
75
Name 2 hard palate bones?
Maxilla and Palatine bones.
76
What makes up the anterior nasal septum?
Septal nasal cartilages.
77
What makes up the posterio nasal septum?
Vomer and Ethmoid bone.
78
What bones support the lateral nasal cavity wall?
> Ethmoid ( Superior concha, Middle concha and Uncinate process) >Palatine bone > Spheroid bone > Lacrimal bones > Maxillary bone > Inferior concha
79
By what actions do nares widen?
Action of Nasalis, Depressor septi nasi, and Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscles.

ENT (2 decks)

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