ENT Pathology

Question 1

What is otitis media

Answer 1

inflammation of the middle ear

Question 2

What is the most common cuase of otitis media

Answer 2

viral - spread from upper resp tract though Eustachian tube

Question 3

What are the possible bacterial causes of otitis media

Answer 3

strep pneumonia
h.influenzae
moxarella catarrhalis

Question 4

What cause the chronic form of otitis media usually

Answer 4

pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 5

What is a cholesteoma

Answer 5

a keratinizing squamous epithelium in the middle ear where is should not be

Question 6

What usually causes a cholesteatoma

Answer 6

chronic otitis media and tympanic membrane rupture

Question 7

What are the potential complications of a cholesteatoma

Answer 7

invasion of local structure eg facial nerveum

Question 8

What type of mucosa usually lines the middle ear

Answer 8

columnar or cuboidal glandular epithelium

Question 9

What type of epithelium usually lines the auditaory meatus and external canal

Answer 9

epidermis (skin)

contains sebaceous and ceruminous gland

Question 10

Where does a vestibular schwannoma effect

Answer 10

the vestibular portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 11

What should you consider in a bilateral vestibular schwannoma or presentation in a younger patient

Answer 11

neurofibromatosis type 2

Question 12

Give some features of NF

Answer 12

neurofibromas
bony defects
café au lait spots
axillary freckling
lisch nodules

Question 13

What does the NF 1 gene code for

Answer 13

neurofibromin

Question 14

What does the NF 2 gene code for

Answer 14

merlin protein

Question 15

What lines the nasal vestibule

Answer 15

stratified squamous epithelium (keratinised)

Question 16

What lines the rest of the nose and sinuses

Answer 16

Resp mucosa (schneiderian epithelium)

Question 17

What is resp mucosa

Answer 17

pseudostratidied ciliated columnar

sero mucinous glands

Question 18

what age group are nasal polyps not common in

Answer 18

children

Question 19

what shoud you suspect if you see a nasal polyp in a child

Answer 19

cystic fibrosis

Question 20

what type of hypersensitivity reaction is hayfever

Answer 20

IgE mediated type 1

Question 21

what is wegeners granulomatosis

Answer 21

autoimmune disorder characterised by small vessel vasculitis limited to resp tract and kidney

Question 22

What antibody test is positive in wegners granulomatosis

Answer 22

high frequency of anti neutrophil antibody levels ie ANCA positive
pANCA- microscopic polyangitis
cANCA- WEGNERS

Question 23

What are nasopharyngeal carcinomas stongly associated with

Answer 23

Epstein barr virus

volatile nitrosamines in food

Question 24

what other cancers is EBV associated with

Answer 24

burkitts lymphoma, b cell lymphoma, hodgkins lymphoma`

Question 25

what are laryngeal polpys usually secondary to

Answer 25

vocal abuse infection smoking occasionaly hypothyroidism

Question 26

what age range do squamous papillomas occur

Answer 26

under 5 - aggressive disease | between20-40

Question 27

what are squamous papillomas related to

Answer 27

HPV types 6 and 11

Question 28

what is a paraganglioma

Answer 28

tumours arising in cluster of neuroendocrine cells dispersed thoughout the body

Question 29

what can paragangliomas arise as part of

Answer 29

MEN2

Question 30

what hpv strain is related to squamous cell cancer in the neck (oropharynx)

Answer 30

16`

Question 31

which salivary gland is the most common site for all tumours

Answer 31

parotid

Question 32

when are salivary gland tumours more likely to be malignant

Answer 32

smaller glands

Question 33

what is the most common salivary gland tumour

Answer 33

pleomorphic adenoma | usually females

Question 34

which benigm salivary gland tumour is associated with smoking

Answer 34

warthrins tumour more common in men often bilateral

Question 35

what is the most common malignant tumour of the salivary gland

Answer 35

adenoid cystic carcinoma