ENT System Flashcards
(224 cards)
1
Q
What type of joints exist in the skull?
A
Suture joints, which are fibrous
2
Q
What are the two types of bone which make up the skull?
A
Compact bone
Spongy bone
3
Q
What is another name for spongy bone in the skull?
A
Dipole
4
Q
What is the middle green bone?
A
Frontal bone
5
Q
What is the yellow bone?
A
Ethmoidal bone
6
Q
What is the dark blue bone?
A
Lacrimal bone
7
Q
What is the purple bone?
A
Maxilla
8
Q
What is the medium blue bone?
A
Mandible
9
Q
What is the light green bone?
A
Nasal bone
10
Q
What is the light blue bone?
A
Zygomatic bone
11
Q
What is the dark orange bone?
A
Parietal bone
12
Q
What is the red bone?
A
Sphenoid bone
13
Q
What is the light orange bone?
A
Temporal bone
14
Q
What is the dark green bone?
A
Vomer
15
Q
What is the yellow bone?
A
Temporal bone
16
Q
What is the medium green bone?
A
Frontal bone
17
Q
What is the dark blue bone?
A
Lacrimal bone
18
Q
What is the medium blue bone?
A
Mandible bone
19
Q
What is the purple bone?
A
Maxilla
20
Q
What is the light green bone?
A
Nasal bone
21
Q
What is the pink bone?
A
Occipital bone
22
Q
What is the dark orange bone?
A
Parietal bone
23
Q
What is the red bone?
A
Sphenoid bone
24
Q
What is the light orange bone?
A
Parietal bone
25
What is the light blue bone?
Zygomatic bone
26
What is the saggital suture?
27
What is the coronal suture?
The suture which connects the parietal and frontal bone
28
What is the lamboid suture?
The suture which connects the parietal and occipital bone
29
What is the suture present in between the two orange bones?
Saggital suture
30
What is the suture present between the orange and green bones?
Coronal suture
31
What is the suture present between the orange and pink bones?
Lamboid suture
32
What are fontanelles?
The fibrous tissue which fuse the bones of the skull in infants
33
What fontanelle closes first?
Posterior
34
What two bones does the zygomatic arch exist between?
The frontal and temporal bones
35
What lobe is contained in the anterior cranial fossa?
Frontal
36
What lobe is contained in the middle cranial fossa?
Temporal
37
What two structures does the posterior cranial fossa contian?
Brainstem
Cerebellum
38
What bone makes up the most of the middle cranial fossa?
Sphenoid
39
What gland is contained within the sphenoid bone?
Pituatary gland
40
What is the largest cranial foramen?
Foramen magnum
41
What are the air sinuses?
Air spaces within the skull bones
42
What is the role of the nasal sinuses?
To decrease the weight of the skull
43
What are the four air sinuses?
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxillary
44
What are the three bones involved in hearing?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
45
Where does the scalp extend posteriorly to?
Superior nuchal lines
46
What suture exists in the zygomatic arch?
The sphenozygomatic suture
47
What are the five layers of the scalp?
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
48
What layer of the scalp connects the anterior and posterior bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
Aponeurosis
49
What nerve supplies the anterior aspect of the scalp?
All three branches of CN V
50
What nerve supplies the posterior scalp?
Anterior and posterior rami of C2 and C3
51
In which layer of the scalp are the blood vessels contained?
Loose connective tissue
52
What is the blood loss spare when there is lacterations to the scalp?
The dense connective tissue retracts when there are lacerations
The blood vessels are located deeply
53
What are the supra-orbital and supra-trochlear arteries are branches of?
ECA
54
What are the superficial, temporal, posterior auriciular and occipital arteries branches of?
ICA
55
What is most posterior - EJV or IJV?
IJV
56
What are emissary veins?
Veins which connect those in the scalp to compact bone
57
What veins allow scalp infections to spread to the cranial cavity?
Emissary veins
58
Are there lymph nodes in the scalp?
No
59
Where do the muscles of facial expression lie within?
The superior fascia
60
What is the role of the palpebral part of the orbicularis oris?
To gently close the eyelids
61
What is the role of the orbtial part of the orbicularis oris?
To tightly close the eyelids
62
What is the role of the occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
To retract the scalp
63
What are the two roles of the anterior belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?
To elevate the eyebrows
To protract the scalp
64
What are the two roles of the buccinator?
To press the cheeck against the teeth
To resist distension
65
What are the two roles of the platysma?
To depress the manidble
To tense the skin of the face and neck
66
What are the three roles of the orbicularis oris?
To close the mouth
To allow kissing
To resist distension
67
What nerve innervates all the facial expression muscles?
Facial nerve
68
What foramen does the facial nerve pass through?
Stylomastoid foramen
69
What gland does the facial nerve pass through?
Parotid gland
70
Does Bell's Palsy involve the forehead?
Yes
71
Do strokes involve the forehead?
No
72
What is the largest salivary gland?
Parotid gland
73
What type of gland is the parotid gland - endocrine or exocrine?
Endocrine
74
What are endocrine glands?
Glands which secrete substances into the bloodstream
75
What are exocrine glands?
Glands which secrete substances into the ductal system
76
What muscle does the parotid gland run superiorly over?
Masseter muscle
77
What muscle does the parotid gland pierce into?
Buccinator
78
Where does the parotid gland secrete saliva from?
A duct near the upper second molar
79
What four structures pass through the parotid gland?
CN IX
CN VII
Posterior Auricular Artery + Vein
Superficial Temporal Artery + Vein
80
What nerve supplies parasympathetic fibres to the parotid gland?
CN IX
81
What nerve supplies sympathetic fibres to the parotid gland?
Auriculotemporal nerve
82
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
83
What is the atlanto-occipital joint?
The joint between occipital condyles and C1
84
What is the atlanto-axial joint?
The joint between C1 and C2 at the odontoid peg
85
What two structures pass through the vertebral transversium?
Vertebral artery
Vertebral vein
86
What is the vertebra prominens?
C7
87
What cervical vertebrae have a bifid spinous process?
C3-C5
88
What curvature exists in the cervical vertebrae?
Lordosis
89
Where are the three attachments of the SCM?
Manubrium of the sternum
Clavicle
Mastoid process
90
What happens to the head and face when the right SCM?
The head tilts to the right
The face turns to the left
91
What are the three functions of the trapezius muscle?
To turn the head and neck
To shrug and steady the shoulders
To twist the arms
92
What nerve innervates the trapezius and SCM?
CN XI
93
Which triangle of the neck does CN XI run in?
Posterior
94
Which triangle of the neck does the common carotid artery run in?
Anterior
95
What are the three structures contained within the carotid sheath?
Common carotid artery
Vagus nerve
Internal jugular vein
96
At which vertebral level does the common carotid artery divide into the ECA and ICA?
C4-C5
97
In which gland does the ECA divide into the superifical temporal artery and the maxillary artery?
Parotid
98
What does the IJV merge with to form the braciocephalic vein?
The subclavian veins
99
What four muscle groups are attached to the hyoid bone?
Suprahyoid
Infrahyoid
Hypoglossus
Middle pharyngeal constrictors
100
What are the four suprahyoid muscles?
Mylohoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric
Stylohoid
101
What nerve supplies the mylohoid?
Mylohoid nerve
102
What nerve supplies the geniohyoid muscle?
C1
103
What two nerves supply the digastric muscle?
CNV + CN VII
104
What nerve supplies the stylohoid muscle?
CN V
105
What are the two roles of the suprahyoid muscles?
To depress the mandible
To elevate the hyoid bone
106
What are the four infrahyoid muscles?
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyroid
Omohyoid
107
What nerve innervates the infrahyoid muscles?
Rami of C1-C3
108
What are the two roles of the infrahyoid muscles?
To depress the hyoid bone
To depress the larynx
109
Waht is the ansa cervicalis?
A loop of nerves of C1-C3 from the cervical plexus
110
What type of gland is the thyroid gland?
Endocrine gland
111
What bones of the skull articulate superiorly at the nasion?
Frontal
112
What two bones form the nasal septum?
Vomer
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
113
What happens if the nasal septum becomes deviated?
There is reduced draiange of the nasal sinuses
114
What type of eptihlieum lines the nasal cavity?
Ciliated pseudo-stratifiied epithelium
115
What lines the roof of the nasal cavity?
Olfactory mucosa
116
What are the three projections of the nasal cavity?
Conchae
117
What is the space inferior to each conchae?
Meatus
118
What is the name above the superior conchae?
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
119
What bone are the sphenoid and middle conchae part of?
Ethmoidal
120
What two arteries supply the nose with blood?
Opthalmic artery branches
ECA branches
121
What opens up into the sphenoethmoidal recess?
122
What opens into the superior meatus?
Posterior ethmoidal cells
123
What opens into the middle meatus?
Maxillary sinus
Frontal sinus
Anterior ethmoidal cells
Middle ethmoidal cells
124
What opens into the inferior meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct
125
What sinus do secretions not drain well from?
Maxillary
126
What nerve innervates the frontal sinus?
CN V1
127
What nerve innervates the maxillary sinus?
CN V2
128
What nerve innervates the sphenoid sinus?
CN V1 & CN V2
129
What nerve innervates the ethmoid sinus?
V1
130
What lies above the soft palate?
Nasopharynx
131
What is the roof of the nasopharynx formed from?
Sphenoid bone
Basilar part of the occipital bone
132
What are the two collections of lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx?
Adenoid
Nasotonsils
133
What tube is found in the nasopharynx?
Pharyngotympanic tube
134
What it the muscle underlying the pharyngotympanic tube?
Salpinogopharyngeus
135
How many decidious teeth are there?
20
136
How many decidious incisors are there?
8
137
How many decidious canines are there?
4
138
How many decidious molars are there?
8
139
How many permanent teeth are there?
32
140
How many permanent incisors are there?
8
141
How many permanent canines are there?
4
142
How many permanent premolars are there?
8
143
How many permanent molars are there?
12
144
What type of joint is the TMJ?
Hinge type of synovial joint
145
What are the four muscles of mastication?
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
146
What does the temporalis muscle attach to?
Ramus of the mandible
Coronoid process of the mandible
147
What is the role of the anterior temporalis muscle fibres?
To elevate the mandible
148
What is the role of the posterior temporalis muscle fibres?
To retract the mandible
149
What is the masseter attached to?
Temporal bone
Coronoid process of the manidble
150
What is the role of the masseter?
Elevate the mandible
151
What are both pterygoid plates atatched to?
The lateral pterygoid plate
152
What happens when the two lateral pterygoid muscles contract?
The mandible protracts
153
What happens when the lateral and medial pterygoid muscle on the same side contracts?
The mandible protrudes
154
What happens when both the medial pterygoid muscles contract?
The mandible elevates
155
What are the muscles of massecation innervated by?
CN V3
156
What is the oral vestibule?
The space between the lips and cheek
157
What is the buccinator innervated by?
CN VII
158
What is the oropharyngeal isthmus?
The posterior opening of the oral cavity
159
What two bones form the hard palate?
Maxilla bone
Palantine bone
160
What five muscles does the soft palate consist of?
Levator veli palanti
Tensor veli palanti
Palatoglossus
Palatopharyngeus
Musculus uvulae
161
What is the role of the soft palate?
To close off nasal passages during swallowing
162
What nerves supply the soft palate muscles?
Lesser palantine nerves
163
Where does the oropharynx extend from?
The uvula of the soft palate to the tip of the epiglottis
164
What divides the tongue into its anterior and posterior components?
Terminal sulcus
165
What are the projections of the anterior part of the tongue known as?
Papillae
166
What are the three types of papillae?
Filiform
Foliate
Vallate
167
What papillae contain taste buds?
Foliate
Vallate
168
What are the surface projections on the posterior part of the tongue known as?
Lymphoid nodules of lingual tonsils
169
What fixes the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
Lingual frenelum
170
What nerve recieves general sensation from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
CN V3
171
What nerve recieves taste sensation from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
Chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve
172
What nerve recieves general sensation from the posterior 1/3rds of the tongue?
CN IX
173
What nerve recieves taste sensation from the posterior 1/3rds of the tongue?
CN IX
174
What is the role of the genioglossus muscle?
To protrude the tongue to the opposite side
175
What is the role of the hypoglossus muscle?
To depress and retract the tongue
176
What is the role of the styloglossus muscle of the tongue?
To elevate and retract the tongue
177
What nerve innervates all the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus?
CN XII
178
What two lobes does the submandibular lobe consist of?
Superficial
Deep
179
What muscle separates the two lobes of the submandibular gland?
Mylohoid
180
What gland does the submental artery groove under?
Submandibular gland
181
Where do the ducts of the sublingual salivary gland lie?
Between the mandible and the genioglossus muscle
182
What does the larnyx continue superiorly with?
The epiglottis
183
What does the larnyx continue inferiorly with?
Trachea
184
What forms the Adams apple?
Thyroid cartilage
185
What happens if the recurrent laryngeal nerve is transected?
The vocal folds become paralysed and the voice disappears
186
What are the three compnents of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
187
What prevents the bolus from entering the nasopharynx?
Soft palate
188
What prevents the bolus from entering the larynx?
Epiglottis
189
What two nerves make up the pharynx plexus?
CN IX
CN X
190
What is Waldeyer's ring?
A collection of lymphoid tissue which protects entrance to the oropharynx
191
What two structures pass through the optic foramen?
CN II
Opthalmic artery
192
What five structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?
CN VI
CN IV
CN III
CN V3
Opthalmic veins
193
What passes through the inferior orbital fissure?
Zygomatic division of CN V
194
What eye muscle doesnt arise from the posteiror aspect of the orbit?
IO
195
What two eye muscles prevent overabduction and overadduction of the eye?
SO
IO
196
What is the opthalmic artery a branch of?
ICA
197
What nerve innervates lacrimal apparatus?
CN VII
198
What joints are present between the ossicles?
Incudostapedial joints
199
What ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane?
Malleus
200
What ossicle is in contact with the oval window?
Stapes
201
Which part of the temporal bone do the middle and inner lie in?
Petrous part
202
What does the facial nerve branch into once it passes in the ear?
Chorda tympani branch
203
What do the parasymapthetic fibres of the chorda tympani supply?
Submandibular salivary glands
Sublingual salivary glands
204
What do the symapthetic fibres of the chorda tympani supply?
Anterior 2/3rds of the tongue with taste sensation
205
What is the ptreoin?
Where the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bone converge
206
Where do the intra-cranial venous sinuses exist between?
The inner and outer layers of the dura
207
What artery crosses the pteroid?
Middle meningeal artery
208
What two sinuses start at the occipital protruberance?
The saggital and transverse sinuses
209
What is the sella turnica?
The deep depression in the midline of the middle cranial fossa
210
What does the sell turnica contain?
Pituatary gland
211
What are found on either side of the sella turnica?
Anterior and posterior clinoid processes
212
What bone is the pterygoid plates and the hamallus part of?
Sphenoid bone
213
What muscle is attached to the medial pterygoid plate?
Pharyngeal aponeurosis
214
What muscle is attached to the lateral pterygoid plate?
Musculotendinous
215
What ossification do flat bones of the skull undergo?
Intramembranous
216
What ossification do irregular bones of the skull undergo?
Endochondrial
217
When do the anterior fontanelles fuse?
9-18 months
218
When do the posterior fontanelles fuse?
1-2 months
219
What epithelium lines the dorsal surface of the tongue?
Stratified squamous epithelium
220
How do serous acini stain?
Strongly
221
How do mucous acini stain?
Poorly
222
What type of gland is the parotid?
Serous
223
What type of gland is the sublingual?
Mucous
224
What type of gland is the submandibular?
Mixed
