Neurology System Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What are the three components of the brainstem?
A
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
2
Q
What cranial fossa is the brainstem contained in?
A
Posterior
3
Q
What two vesicles of the neural tube form the brainstem?
A
Midbrain
Hindbrain
4
Q
What two ventricles are contained within the brainstem?
A
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
5
Q
What groove separates the pons and the medulla?
A
Pontomedullary junction
6
Q
What four nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction?
A
CN IX
CN X
CN XI
CN XII
7
Q
What three structures are seen on the ventral aspect of the medulla?
A
Olives
Pyramids
Cranial Nerves
8
Q
What cranial nerve has the longest intracranial course?
A
CN X
9
Q
Where does the trigeminal nerve originate from?
A
The lateral surface of the pons
10
Q
What lies superior to the midbrain?
A
Diencephalon
11
Q
What lies inferior to the midbrain?
A
Pons
12
Q
What three structures make up the diecenphalon?
A
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
13
Q
What lies superior to the diencephalon?
A
Cerebrum
14
Q
What lies inferior to the diecephalon?
A
Brainstem
15
Q
What is another name for the epithalamus?
A
Pineal gland
16
Q
What midline structure connects the two cerebellar hemispheres?
A
Vermis
17
Q
What are the three lobes of the cerebellum?
A
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Flocculonodular lobe
18
Q
What ventricle lies anterior to the cerebellum?
A
Fourth ventricle
19
Q
What foramen does the cerebellum sit above?
A
Foramen magnum
20
Q
What part of the cerebellum sits above the foramen magnum?
A
Cerebellar tonsils
21
Q
What is coning herniation?
A
When the cerebellar tonsils herniate through the foramen magnum
22
Q
What fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres?
A
Median longitudinal fissure
23
Q
What type of nerve fibres make up the corpus callosum?
A
Commissural
24
Q
What do the anterior aspect of the cerebral hemispheres sit on top of?
A
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
25
What do the posterior aspect of the cerebral hemispheres sit on top of?
Tentorium cerebelli
26
What is tentorium cerebelli?
A fold of dura matter
27
In which lobe is the primary motor cortex located?
Frontal
28
In which lobe is the primary sensory cortex located?
Parietal
29
In which lobe is Wernicke's area located?
Parietal
30
In which lobe is the primary visual cortex located?
Occipital
31
In which lobe is the primary auditory cortex located?
Temporal
32
In which lobe is Broca's areas located?
Frontal
33
At what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate in adults?
L2
34
At what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate in newborns?
L3
35
At what vertebral level does the dura mater terminate?
S3
36
At what vertebral level does the arachnoid mater terminate?
S2
37
What is the cauda equina?
The space between the end of the spinal cord and the termination of the dura and the arachnoid mater
38
What happens to the pia mater inferior to the spinal cord?
It extends to form denticulate ligaments, which anchor the spinal cord to the dura mater
39
At what vertebral level do we perform a lumbar puncture on an adult?
L3-L4
40
How many spinal nerves are there?
31
41
What two arteries supply blood to the brain?
Vertebral arteries
Internal carotid arteries
42
Where do the vertebral and internal carotid arteries meet?
Circle of Willis
43
What are the left and right vertebral arteries branches of?
The common carotid artery
44
At what vertebral level do the left and right internal carotid arteries arise?
C4
45
What do the two vertebral arteries form?
Basilar artery
46
What is the basilar artery close to?
Pons
47
What two arteries does the posterior communicating artery connect?
The internal carotid artery to the posterior cerebral artery
48
What two arteries does the anterior communicating artery connect?
The two anterior cerebral arteries
49
In what groove does the anterior cerebral artery run?
Medial longitudinal fissure
50
In what groove does the middle cerebral artery run?
Lateral sulcus
51
What artery supplies the primary motor cortex?
Middle cerebral artery
52
What artery supplies the primary sensory cortex?
Middle cerebral artery
53
What artery supplies the primary visual cortex?
Posterior cerebral artery
54
What artery supplies the primary auditory cortex?
Middle cerebral artery
55
What structures do the vertebra-basilar system supply?
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Posterior aspect of the cerebrum
56
What cranial nerve emerges just above the superior cerebellar artery?
CN V
57
What is the carotid sinus?
This is a dilatation located on the terminal part of the common carotid artery
58
What is the function of the carotid sinus?
To monitor the flow of blood to the head
59
What two cranial nerves run in the carotid sinus?
CN IX
CN X
60
What is the carotid body?
This is an area on the posterior wall of the terminal part of the common carotid artery
61
What is the function of the carotid body?
It contains chemoreceptors which are sensitive to low oxygen levels
62
What cranial nerve runs in the carotid body?
CN IX
63
Where is the sympathetic motor plexus?
Around the ICA
64
How does the sympathetic motor plexus enter the skull?
Carotid canal, which is the main branch of the ICA
65
Where are dural venous sinuses located?
Between the periosteum and the cranial dura
66
In which vein do the dural venous sinuses drain into?
Internal jugular vein
67
What foramen does the IJV pass through?
Jugular foramen
68
What vein drains into the cavernous sinus?
Superior ophthalmic vein
69
What is the superior ophthalmic vein continuous with?
Facial vein
70
What three veins drain into the cavernous sinus?
Superior ophthalmic vein
Inferior ophthalmic vein
Superficial middle cerebral vein
71
What two structures in the skull base is the cavernous sinus related to?
Sphenoid paranasal sinuses
Pituitary gland
72
What nerve is contained within the cavernous sinus?
Optic nerve
73
What arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery?
Vertebral arteries
74
What arteries fuse to form the posterior spinal artery?
Vertebral arteries
75
What is contained within the subarachnoid space?
CSF
76
What structure do the flax cerebri separate?
Cerebral hemispheres
77
What are the fax cerebri attached to?
Crista galli
78
Which sinus runs superiorly to the falx cerebri?
Superior sagittal sinus
79
Which sinus runs inferiorly to the falx cerebri?
Inferior sagittal sinus
80
What is the diaphragm sellae?
A dural fold which separates the two cerebellar hemispheres
81
What is the middle meningeal artery a branch of?
The maxillary artery
82
Which foramen does the middle meningeal artery pass through?
Foramen spinosum
83
What is the maxillary artery a branch of?
External carotid artery
84
In what structure does the external carotid artery branch off into the maxillary artery?
Parotid gland
85
Where is the lateral ventricle found?
Cerebral hemispheres
86
Where is the third ventricle found?
Diencephalon
87
What secretes CSF?
Choroidal epithelial cells
88
In what sinus is CSF reabsorbed?
Superior sagittal sinus
89
What separates the two anterior horns of the lateral ventricles?
Septum pellucidum
90
What does the septum pellucidum continue with superiorly?
Corpus callosum
91
What does the septum pellucidum continue with inferiorly?
Fornix
92
What is the fornix?
A bundle of fibres which link the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
93
What is the bulbous projection on the floor of the lateral ventricle?
Caudate nucleus
94
What are the basal ganglia?
Collections of neuronal cell bodies within the cerebral hemispheres
95
What is the role of the thalamus?
A sensory relay area
96
What is the thalamus made up of?
Smaller masses of grey matter nuclei
97
Where does sensory information enter the thalamus?
Ventro-postero-lateral (VPL) nucleus
98
What is superior to the pineal gland?
Thalamus
99
What is inferior to the pineal gland?
Colliculi of midbrain
100
What is the internal capsule?
A collection of myelinated axons (white matter)
101
What are the three components of the internal capsule?
Anterior limb
Genu
Posterior limb
102
What artery supplies the internal capsule?
Middle cerebral artery
103
What lies posterior to the substantial nigra?
Posterior
104
What opening does the CN I pass through?
Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
105
What opening does the CN II pass through?
Optic canal
106
What opening does the CN III pass through?
Superior orbital fissure
107
What opening does the CN IV pass through?
Superior orbital fissure
108
What opening does the CN V1 pass through?
Superior orbital fissure
109
What opening does the CN V2 pass through?
Foramen rotundum
110
What opening does the CN V3 pass through?
Foramen ovale
111
What opening does the CN VI pass through?
Superior orbital fissure
112
What opening does the CN VII pass through?
Sytlomastoid foramen
113
What opening does the CN VIII pass through?
Internal acoustic meatus
114
What opening does the CN IX pass through?
Jugular foramen
115
What opening does the CN X pass through?
Jugular foramen
116
What opening does the CN XI pass through?
Jugular foramen
117
What opening does the CN XII pass through?
Hypoglossal canal
118
Which of the cranial nerves has a parasympathetic component?
CNIII, CN VII, CN IX, CN X
119
Which cranial nerves are attached to the midbrain?
CNI - CNIII
120
Which cranial nerve arises from the posterior aspect of the brain?
CN IV
121
Which cranial nerve is attached directly to the pons?
CN V
122
Which cranial nerves are attached to the pontomedulalry junction?
CN V - CN VIII
123
Which cranial nerves are attached to the medulla?
CN IX - CN XII
124
How do we remember the type of fibres that the cranial nerves consist of?
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