Entire Course Terms Flashcards
(360 cards)
1
Q
gastrinoma
A
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: A rare disorder caused by a tumor called a gastrinoma, most often occurring in the pancreas. The tumor secretes the hormone gastrin, which causes increased production of gastric acid leading to severe recurrent ulcers of the esophagus, stomach, and the upper portions of the small intestine (the duodenum and jejunum).
Gastrinomas resulting in the Zollinger-Ellison’s syndrome are not limited to the pancreas but may also occur in the stomach, duodenum, spleen and lymph nodes.
2
Q
root of a word
A
primary lexical unit, carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller parts. The root is a unit of meaning (morpheme)
3
Q
epi-
A
above; on top
4
Q
gastr/o
A
stomach
5
Q
-ic
A
belongs to; pertains to
6
Q
prefix
A
initial portion of some object or term with a distinct and reused meaning that modifies the meaning of the whole object. To prefix is to attach before.
7
Q
hyper-
A
above normal; super
8
Q
-ism
A
condition
9
Q
suffix
A
follows the morphemes, modifies the root
10
Q
tonsil
A
lymphatic mass in the oropharynx
11
Q
-tomy
A
ablation; removal; cutting off
12
Q
-logy
A
suffix
13
Q
a-
A
no
14
Q
-chondro-
A
cartilage
15
Q
-plasia
A
development
16
Q
achondroplasia
A
Achondroplasia is a genetic (inherited) condition that results in abnormally short stature and is the most common cause of short stature with disproportionately short limbs. The average height of an adult with achondroplasia is 131 cm (52 inches, or 4 foot 4 inches) in males and 124 cm (49 inches, or 4 foot 1 inch) in females.
Although achondroplasia literally means “without cartilage formation,” the defect in achondroplasia is not in forming cartilage but in converting it to bone, particularly in the long bones.
17
Q
arrhythmia
A
An abnormal heart rhythm.
18
Q
atheros
A
artery
19
Q
-sclerosis
A
hardening
20
Q
atherosclerosis
A
disease of major arteries with the formation of the atheroma or plaque
21
Q
atheroma
A
A fatty deposit in the inner lining (intima) of an artery, resulting from atherosclerosis. Also called an atherosclerotic plaque, an arterial plaque, or a plaque.
22
Q
glucagonoma
A
neuroendocrine tumor with nearly exclusive pancreatic localization. The tumor’s presence is characterized by glucagon overproduction, weight loss, diabetes mellitus, hypoaminoacidemia, normochromic and normocytic anemia, and necrolytic migratory erythema (NME), which is the most characteristic clinical sign (as opposed to symptom) of this pathology.
23
Q
Lipoma
A
A benign tumor of adipocytes (fat cells). Common in the skin and are found anywhere on the body. They may be surgically removed for cosmetic reasons.
24
Q
astrocytoma
A
A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells
25
astrocyte
cell of the nervous system
26
arteriosclerosis
Hardening and thickening of the walls of the arteries.
27
diverticulosis
condition of having diverticula, small outpouchings from the large intestine, the colon. (One outpouching is a diverticulum; two or more are diverticula).
28
diverticulitis
Inflammation of the diverticula (small outpouchings) along the wall of the colon, the large intestine.
29
-osis
condition
30
-itis
infection or inflammation
31
pneumology
The science which treats of the lungs
32
arthro-
joint
33
-my-
muscle
34
-algia
pain
35
gastro-
stomach
36
-entero-
small intestine
37
-chol-
colon
38
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
39
electro-encephalo-graph (EEG)
An instrument that measures electrical potentials on the scalp and generates a record of the electrical activity of the brain
40
electro-cardio-gram (EKG/ECG)
a tracing of the electric currents that initiate the heartbeat, used to diagnose possible heart disorders
41
cysto-
bladder
42
scopy
view
43
-cele
hernia
44
inguinal hernia
condition in which part of the intestine bulges through a weak area in muscles in the abdomen
45
-cise, -cision
cut, cutting
46
phimosis
inability to retract the distal foreskin over the glans penis
47
pathologic phimosis
defines an inability to retract the foreskin after it was previously retractible or after puberty, usually secondary to distal scarring of the foreskin.
48
paraphimosis
entrapment of a retracted foreskin behind the coronal sulcus. A disease of uncircumcised or partially circumcised males.
49
omphalocele
congenital malformation in which variable amounts of abdominal contents protrude into the base of the umbilical cord
50
Hiatal hernia
occurs when the stomach protrudes into the chest cavity
51
mast-
breast
52
gynecomastia
the development of abnormally large mammary glands in males resulting in breast enlargement
53
gigantomastia
hypertrophy of breast, or macromastia, is a rare connective tissue disorder. It has benn qualified as enlargement of the breast exceeding 600 grams (21 oz), causing discomfort and stretching of the overlaying skin leading to ulceration
54
lumpectomy
removal of the lump, mass, tumor
55
pathogenesis
the mechanism by which a certain etiological factor causes disease/The development of a disease and the chain of events leading to that disease.
56
etiology
study of causation
57
angio-
vessel
58
neo
new
59
-genesis
generate
60
-emia
blood
61
-glyc-
sugar
62
-glic
sugar
63
hypotrophy
progressive degeneration of an organ or tissue caused by loss of cells
64
hypertrophy
nontumorous enlargement of an organ or a tissue as a result of an increase in the size rather than the number of constituent cells
65
anatomy
study of the structure of living beings
66
meta-
change
67
-eal, -iac, -ose
pertaining to
68
-ism
process
69
-plasm
formation
70
-somes
bodies
71
cancer
immature cell that reproduces too fast because of damaged DNA from a carcinogen or spontaneous mutation. Failure of immune system and natural killer cells to kill cancer cells.
72
Erythrocyte
A cell in the blood of vertebrates that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues. Disk-shaped and biconcave, contains hemoglobin, lacks a nucleus.
73
Erythropoietin EPO
Hormone produced by the kidneys when there is a drop of O2 in the blood
74
Hypoxia
low level of O2 in a tissue
75
Ischemia
restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive).
76
isch-
restriction
77
hema/haema
blood
78
spherocytosis
the disease is characterized by abnormal red blood cell membrane proteins, which cause the cell to assume a spherical shape rather than the usual "doughnut with a filled in center" shape
79
Anemia
deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin
80
Aplastic anemia
The capacity of the bone marrow to generate red blood cells is defective. Caused by bone marrow disease or exposure to toxic agents, such as radiation, chemicals, or drugs. AKA pancytopenia
81
-plasty
formation or plastic repair of.
82
hemolytic anemia
Caused by the lysis of RBCs, as in response to certain toxic or infectious agents and in certain inherited blood disorders. chronic forms of this disease that occurs almost exclusively in people of african descent and characterized by sickle-shaped RBCs caused by homozygous inheritance of Hb S.
83
lysis
breaking down of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic mechanisms that compromise its integrity. A fluid containing the contents of lysed cells is called a lysate.
84
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs or the stress of infection. > 400 variants. inherited as an x-linked disorder, affects 400 million ppl worldwide. Confers protection against malaria, which probably accounts for its high gene frequency.
85
Hemoglobinopathies
group of disorders passed down through families (inherited) in which there is abnormal production or structure of the hemoglobin molecule. Such disorders include hemoglobin C disease, hemoglobin S-C disease, sickle cell anemia, and various types of thalassemia.
86
sickle cell disease, sickle cell trait
homozygous (SS), heterozygous
87
Sickle cell anemia
caused by autosomal recessive gene. body makes sickle-shaped red blood cells. “Sickle-shaped” means that the red blood cells are shaped like a crescent. Sickle cells contain abnormal hemoglobin called sickle hemoglobin or hemoglobin S. Sickle hemoglobin causes the cells to develop a sickle, or crescent, shape.
Sickle cells are stiff and sticky. They tend to block blood flow in the blood vessels of the limbs and organs. Blocked blood flow can cause pain and organ damage. It can also raise the risk for infection.
88
allele
any one of a number of viable DNA codings occupying a given locus on a chromosome
89
autosome
a non-sex chromosome. An ordinary paired, of chromosome that is the same in both sexes of a species. In humans there are 22.
90
An allele that causes a phenotype that is only seen in a homozygous genotype (an organism that has 2 copies of the same allele) and never in a heterozygous genotype
recessive gene
91
Dominant
allele causes a phenotype that is seen in a heterozygous genotype. Many traits are determined by pairs of complementary genes, each inherited from a single parent.
92
phenotype
either total physical appearance and constitution or a specific manifestation of a trait, such as size, eye color, or behavior that varies between individuals. Determined by genotype and environmental factors.
93
specific genetic makeup (the specific genome) of an individual, in the form of DNA
genotype
94
homozygous
2 identical alleles or DNA sequences at one locus
95
heterozygous
2 different alleles at one locus
96
hemizygous
presence of only a single copy of the gene in an otherwise diploid organism
97
zygote
cell that is the result of fertilization. Usually 2 haploid cells (sperm and ovum) merge into a single diploid cell.
98
labyrinthitis
inflammation of the inner ear (labyrinth). Characterized by dizziness, nausea, and visual disturbances. AKA otitis interna
99
iatrogenic
to be induced inadvertently by a physician, surgeon, or medical procedure. Condition caused by medicine.
100
orthopnea
difficulty breathing or shortness of breath that occurs when lying down and is relieved when turning to an upright position.
101
ortho-
Prefix meaning straight or erect
102
pnea
breath, respiration
103
lumbalgia, lumbago
lower back pain, between pelvis and posterior ribs. Steady pain, usually caused by stress - lack of O2 in muscles.
104
colic pain
form of pain which starts and stops abruptly. It occurs due to muscular contractions of a hollow tube (colon, ureter, gall bladder, etc.) in attempt to relieve the obstruction by forcing content out. It may be accompanied by vomiting and sweating.
105
Echolalia
the often pathological repetition of what is said by other people as if echoing them. 2 forms - immediate and delayed
106
-laleos, -lalein, -lalia
talkative, chatter, speech
107
demyelination
loss of myelin on axons
108
idiopathic
arising spontaneously or from an obscure or unknown cause
109
angioneogenesis
the process by which a tumor attracts blood vessels to nourish itself and sustain its existence.
110
idio-
peculiar to a substance or organism.
111
Dr. Folkman
In 1971, he reported in the New England Journal of Medicine that all cancer tumors are angiogenesis-dependent. If a tumor could be stopped from growing its own blood supply, he surmised, it would wither and die.
112
Ivan Illich
He introduced to a wider public the notion of iatrogenic disease which had been scientifically established a century earlier by British nurse Florence Nightingale (1820–1910). Others have since voiced similar views, but none so trenchantly.
113
transgenic
Of, relating to, or being an organism whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from another species or breed
114
sacrococcygeal
Of, relating to, or affecting the sacrum and coccyx
115
thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein caused by or associated with the formation of a blood clot.
116
galactogogue
a substance that promotes lactation in humans and other animals. It may be synthetic, plant-derived, or endogenous
117
microcephaly
a head circumference (HC) more than 2 standard deviation below the mean for age and gender
118
pachyonychia
autosomal dominant skin disorder. Symptoms: excess keratin in nail beds and thickening of the nails, Hyperkeratosis on hands and feet, Oral lesions that look like thick white plaques
119
urticaria
commonly referred to as hives, is a kind of skin rash notable for pale red, raised, itchy bumps. Hives might also cause a burning or stinging sensation.[2] Hives are frequently caused by allergic reactions; however, there are many nonallergic causes
120
thrombo-
blood clot
121
-phleba
vein
122
galacto-
milk
123
-gogue
to lead or bring
124
cephale
head
125
pachy
thick
126
onych
nail
127
urtica
family of plants with nettles
128
synarthrosis
a rigid joint formed by the union of 2 bones and connected by fibrous tissue
129
macrophage
any of the large phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system
130
reticuloendothelial system / mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)
part of the immune system that consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue. The cells are primarily monocytes and macrophages, and they accumulate in lymph nodes and the spleen. The Kupffer cells of the liver and tissue histiocytes are also part of this.
131
pseudopods
temporary projections of eukaryotic cells or unicellular protists
132
cytokine
small signaling molecules used for cell signaling. Can be classified as proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins; the term encompasses a large and diverse family of regulators produced throughout the body by cells of diverse embryological origin
133
phagocyte
the cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells
134
phagocytosis
literally "cell-eating", is a form of endocytosis wherein large particles are enveloped by the cell membrane of a larger cell and internalized to form a phagosome or food vacuole
135
neutrophil
n. most abundant type of white blood cell in mammals and form an essential part of the innate immune system. make up 50-70% of circulating white blood cells. type of phagocyte and are normally found in the blood stream. During the beginning (acute) phase of inflammation, particularly as a result of bacterial infection, environmental exposure, and some cancers, neutrophils are one of the first-responders of inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation
adj. not stained strongly or definitely by either acid or basic dyes bur stained readily by neutral dyes.
136
eosinophil
are white blood cells and one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. Along with mast cells, they also control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma. They release histamine during an allergic reaction. Contain cytoplasmic granules that are easily stained by eosin or other acid dyes.
137
basophil
least common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.01% to 0.3% of circulating white blood cells. Granules stain readily with basic dyes. They appear in many specific kinds of inflammatory reactions, particularly those that cause allergic symptoms, store histamine.
138
monocyte
a large, circulating, phagocytic WBC, having a single well-defined nucleus and very fine granulation in the cytoplasm. Constitute from 3 - 8% of the WBCs in humans. Play multiple roles in immune function. Such roles include: (1) replenish resident macrophages and dendritic cells under normal states, and (2) in response to inflammation signals, they can move quickly (approx. 8–12 hours) to sites of infection in the tissues and divide/differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to elicit an immune response. Half of them are stored in the spleen.
139
lymphocyte
any of the nearly colorless cells found in the blood, lymph, and lymphoid tissues, constituting approximately 25% of the WBCs and including B cells, which function in humoral immunity, and T cells, which function in cellular immunity. can be divided into large and small. Large granular ones include natural killer cells (NK cells). Small ones consist of T cells and B cells. Fight viral infections.
140
platelets / thrombocytes
cell fragments circulating in the blood that are involved in the cellular mechanisms of primary hemostasis leading to the formation of blood clots. No DNA or nucleus.
141
pulmonary embolism
blockage of the pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by a blood clot
142
-penia
suffix, scarcity, a few, lack of
143
leukopenia
scarcity of WBCs, places individuals at increased risk of infection.
144
neutropenia
a granulocyte disorder characterized by an abnormally low number of neutrophils
145
eosinophilopenia
abnormally low number of eosinophils
146
basophilopenia
abnormal reduction in the number of basophils in the blood.
147
lymphocytopenia
condition marked by an abnormally low level of lymphocytes in the blood. AIDS is the most common form of this acquired condition.
148
thrombocytopenia
abnormal drop in the number of blood cells involved in forming blood clots. These cells are called platelets. Abnormal reductions in the number of platelets are caused when abnormalities occur in any of the following three processes: decreased platelet production by the bone marrow; increased trapping of platelets by the spleen; or a more rapid than normal destruction of platelets. Persons with this condition easily bruise and can have episodes of excess bleeding (a hemorrhage).
149
pancytopenia
scarcity of all cells
150
septicemia
sepsis of the bloodstream caused by bacteriemia, which is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. the term is also used to refer to sepsis in general. blood poisoning; systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood.
151
leukemia / leukaemia
a cancer of the blood or bone marrow and is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of blood cells, usually WBCs (leukocytes). It is part of the broad group of diseases called hematological neoplasms.
152
hemoglobin
the iron-containing respiratory pigment in RBCs of vertebrates, consisting of about 6% heme and 94% globin. oxygen-carrying pigment of erythrocytes, formed by developing erythrocytes in the bone marrow.
153
myoglobin
the oxygen-transporting pigment of muscle, a hemoprotein that resembles a single subunit of hemoglobin, being composed of one globin polypeptide chain and one heme group. Has a higher affinity for O2 than hemoglobin of the blood. A protein that holds oxygen in heart and skeletal muscle. It rises after damage to either of these muscle types.
154
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
death of the cells of an area of the heart muscle (myocardium) as a result of oxygen deprivation, which in turn is caused by obstruction of the blood supply; commonly referred to as a “heart attack.” Other theory: tissue in heart dies, resulting in blood stagnation and a clot.
155
Immunoglobulin
any of five structurally distinct classes of proteins that function as antibodies in the serum and external secretions of the body. In response to specific antigens, immunoglobulins are formed in the bone marrow, spleen, and all lymphoid tissues except the thymus.
156
Lymphatic system
complex network of lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, and lymph vessels that produce and transport lymph fluid from tissues to the circulatory system. Major component of the immune system
157
Lymphocytes
kind of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system, specifically, a landmark of the adaptive immune system.can be divided into large and small . Large granular ones include natural killer cells (NK cells). Small ones consist of T cells and B cells.
158
lymph node
oval-shaped organ of the immune system, distributed widely throughout the body including the armpit and stomach and linked by lymphatic vessels. Sites of B, T, and other immunity cell storage. Act as filters or traps for foreign particles and are important in the proper functioning of the immune system. They are packed tightly with the white blood cells called lymphocytes and macrophages.
159
Adenoid
also known as a pharyngeal tonsil or nasopharyngeal tonsil, is a mass of lymphatic tissue situated posterior to the nasal cavity, in the roof of the nasopharynx, where the nose blends into the throat.
160
Lymphoedema
Accumulation of lymphatic fluid that causes swelling, mostly in the arms and legs and occasionally in other parts of the body. Can develop when lymphatic vessels are missing or impaired (primary), or when lymph vessels are damaged or lymph nodes removed (secondary).
161
Lymphatic filariasis
A parasitis and infectious tropical disease, caused by the thread-like parasitic filarial worms.
162
edema
Formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, is a swelling of any organ or tissue due to accumulation of excess lymph fluid, without an increase of the number of cells in the affected tissue. If symmetrical, it may be a systemic problem. Can accumulate almost anywhere, most common in feet and ankles.
163
Interstitial fluid / tissue fluid / intercellular fluid
a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. Exists between layer of cells and blood vessels. Is the location of edema.
164
Lymphocytopenia
lower than normal level of lymphocytes. makes people prone to viral and fungal infections
165
lymphocytosis
Increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood. In healthy people, it is an indication that they have had an infection.
166
Neutropenia / neutropaenia / neutropaenic
hematological disorder characterized by and abnormally low number of neutrophil granulocytes.
167
Dendritic cells
Capture antigens and associated peptides using special receptors. The cells then process and display the peptides so that the immune cells organize a response against anything that has that peptide, including cancer cells. Present in small quantities in tissues that are in contact with the external environment, skin, and mucosae.
168
Leukopenia
Decrease in the number of circulating WBCs (leukocytes) in the blood.
169
Leukocytosis
Increase in the number of circulating WBCs in the blood
170
Lymphoma
type of blood cancer that occurs when B or T lymphocytes, the white blood cells that form a part of the immune system and help protect the body from infection and disease, divide faster than normal cells or live longer than they are supposed to. May develop in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood or other organs and eventually they form a tumor.
171
Burkitt's Lymphoma
a cancer of the lymphatic system (in particular, B lymphocytes). Tumors can grow inside bone.
172
lymphangitis
An inflammation of the lymphatic channels that occurs as a result of infection at a site distal to the channel.
173
Large lymphangioma
malformations of the lymphatic system, which is the network of vessels responsible for returning to the venous system excess fluid from tissues. These malformations can occur at any age and may involve any part of the body, but 90% occur in children less than 2 years of age and involve the head and neck. These malformations are either congenital or acquired. Congenital lymphangiomas are often associated with chromosomal abnormalities such as Turner syndrome, although they can also exist in isolation. Lymphangiomas are commonly diagnosed before birth using fetal ultrasonography. Acquired lymphangiomas may result from trauma, inflammation, or lymphatic obstruction.
174
Cardiovascular system
organ system that permits blood and lymph circulation to transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to nourish it and help to fight diseases, stabilize body temperature and pH, and to maintain homeostasis.
175
diastole
period of time when the heart refills with blood after systole (contraction). Ventricular diastole is the period during which the ventricles are relaxing, while atrial diastole is the period during which the atria are relaxing
176
systole
a force that drives blood out of the heart. Without qualifiers, it usually means the contraction of the left ventricle
177
fibrillation
rapid, irregular, and unsynchronized contraction of the muscle fibers
178
myositis
inflammation or infection of muscle
179
myasthenia gravis (MG)
autoimmune neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating weakness and fatiguability
180
asthenia
weakness
181
ptosis
drooping or falling of the upper or lower eyelid
182
myotome
any of the cells in early embryos that give rise to all the muscles in the body. A group of muscles that is supplied by a nerve of the spine.
183
Arthromyalgia
muscle and joint pain
184
atrophy
Shrinking in size of some structure or organ of the body, usually caused by injury, disease or lack of use.
185
hypotrophy
underdevelopment in size of some structure or organ of the body, usually caused by disease or lack of use or hormonal deficiency - hGH in pituitary (not sure that this is correct!)
186
hypertrophy
increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells. It should be distinguished from hyperplasia, in which the cells remain approximately the same size but increase in number. Although hypertrophy and hyperplasia are two distinct processes, they frequently occur together, such as in the case of the hormonally-induced proliferation and enlargement of the cells of the uterus during pregnancy.
187
pericarditis
inflammation of the heart sac (pericardium)
188
peri-
around
189
peritoneum
serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and folds inward to enclose the viscera
190
borborygmus
rumbling noise produced by the movement of gas through the intestines.
191
hematochezia
passage of stools containing blood
192
hematemesis
vomiting of blood. The source is generally the upper gastrointestinal tract. Patients can easily confuse it with hemoptysis (coughing up blood), although the latter is more common.
193
cryoglobulinemia
blood contains large amounts of cryoglobulins - proteins (mostly immunoglobulins themselves) that become insoluble at reduced temperatures. This should be contrasted with cold agglutinins, which cause agglutination of RBCs. Cryoglobulins typically precipitate at temperatures below normal body temperature (37 degrees Celsius) and will dissolve again if the blood is heated. Cryoglobulinemia can be associated with various diseases such as multiple myeloma and hepatitis C infection.
194
Narcolepsy
chronic neurological disorder caused by the brain's inability to regulate sleep-wake cycles normally. People with narcolepsy often experience disturbed nocturnal sleep and an abnormal daytime sleep pattern, which often is confused with insomnia. Narcoleptics, when falling asleep, generally experience the REM stage of sleep within 5 minutes, while most people do not experience REM sleep until an hour or so later.
195
-lepsy
attack
196
globulin
protein in blood that carries something
197
cryo
cold
198
narco-
sleep
199
trichotillomania
compulsive urge to pull out (and in some cases, eat) one's own hair leading to noticeable hair loss, distress, and social or functional impairment. It is classified as an impulse control disorder by DSM-IV and is often chronic and difficult to treat.
200
tricho-
hair
201
tillo
repetitive pulling
202
mania
madness
203
fistula
an abnormal connection or passageway between two epithelium-lined organs or vessels. It is generally a disease condition, but a fistula may be surgically created for therapeutic reasons. 4 types: open, complete, incomplete, horse-shoe.
204
teratogenic
Of, relating to, or causing developmental malformations of an embryo or fetus.
205
teratos-
monster
206
mucoviscidosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disorder that affects most critically the lungs, and also the pancreas, liver, and intestine. It is characterized by abnormal transport of chloride and sodium across an epithelium, leading to thick, viscous secretions. AKA Cystic Fibrosis. CF is caused by a mutation in the gene for the protein cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). This protein is required to regulate the components of sweat, digestive fluids, and mucus. CFTR regulates the movement of chloride and sodium ions across epithelial membranes, such as the alveolar epithelia located in the lungs.
207
visci
sticky
208
Rumination
Thinking about the same issue over and over again. Too much intellectual activity, injures the blood.
209
ruminat-
chewed over
210
-tion
result of
211
dyspraxia
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) also known as developmental dyspraxia and clumsy child syndrome is a chronic neurological disorder beginning in childhood that can affect planning of movements and co-ordination as a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body. Up to 50% of dyspraxics have ADHD. It may be diagnosed in the absence of other motor or sensory impairments like cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease.
212
dys
negative, bad, difficult
213
prax
action with hand
214
-ia
condition
215
hallucinogenic
producing hallucinations
216
hallucino
light, wandering mind
217
anastomosis
surgical connection of two structures
218
ana-
up, on, against
219
stom
opening, mouth
220
hemineglect
also called hemiagnosia, hemineglect, unilateral neglect, spatial neglect, unilateral visual inattention, hemi-inattention or neglect syndrome is a neuropsychological condition in which, after damage to one hemisphere of the brain is sustained, a deficit in attention to and awareness of one side of space is observed. It is defined by the inability of a person to process and perceive stimuli on one side of the body or environment that is not due to a lack of sensation. Hemispatial neglect is very commonly contralateral to the damaged hemisphere, but instances of ipsilesional neglect (on the same side as the lesion) have been reported.
221
barotrauma
Injury to the body tissues because of changes in barometric (air) or water pressure, especially affecting enclosed cavities within the body such as the middle ear (otic barotrauma), the sinuses (sinus barotrauma), and the lungs (pulmonary barotrauma).
222
baro-
meaning of or relating to pressure
223
trauma
physical or emotional injury
224
Re-uptake
the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter of a pre-synaptic neuron after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural impulse.
Reuptake is necessary for normal synaptic physiology because it allows for the recycling of neurotransmitters and regulates the level of neurotransmitter present in the synapse, thereby controlling how long a signal resulting from neurotransmitter release lasts. Because neurotransmitters are too large and hydrophilic to diffuse through the membrane, specific transport proteins are necessary for the reabsorption of neurotransmitters.
225
cyclothymia
type of chronic mood disorder widely considered to be a milder or subthreshold form of bipolar disorder. Cyclothymia is characterized by numerous extreme mood disturbances, with periods of hypomanic symptoms alternating with periods of mild or moderate depression.
226
cyclo
cycle
227
thymia
State or condition of mind
228
randomized
to select or choose in random order to attain an unbiased result
229
random
chosen, made without conscious effort or decision
230
-ized
to make or become.
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radiopaque
refers to the relative inability of electromagnetic radiation, particularly X-rays, to pass through a particular material.
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radio
emit waves
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paque
opaque
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pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
"a word invented in imitation of polysyllabic medical terms, alleged to mean ‘a lung disease caused by the inhalation of very fine sand and ash dust (mostly volcanic silica ash dust)’ but occurring only as an instance of a very long word." A condition meeting the word's definition is normally called silicosis.
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abbreviations
shorthand and acronyms
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Acronym
a word formed from the initial letters or groups of letters of words in a set phrase or series of words
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shorthand
a method of rapid handwriting using simple strokes, abbreviations, or symbols that designate letters, words, or phrases (distinguished from longhand)
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pneumology
The brunch of medicine that is concerned with the lung function and disease.
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nose
a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration.
It also houses the nosehairs, which catch airborne particles and prevent them from reaching the lungs.
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turbinate / nasal concha
a long, narrow and curled bone shelf (shaped like an elongated sea-shell) which protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose. divides the nasal airway into three groove-like air passages – and are responsible for forcing inhaled air to flow in a steady, regular pattern around the largest possible surface of cilia and climate controlling tissue. Purification, air conditioning, moistening.
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sinus
is a sack or cavity in any organ or tissue, or an abnormal cavity or passage caused by the destruction of tissue.
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paranasal sinuses
air-filled spaces, communicating with the nasal cavity, within the bones of the skull and face. Only example of hollow bones in the body.
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pharynx
The section of the alimentary canal that extends from the mouth and nasal cavities to the larynx, where it becomes continuous with the esophagus.
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larynx
voice box
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epiglottis
The thin elastic cartilaginous structure located at the root of the tongue that folds over the glottis to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during the act of swallowing.
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trachea
A thin-walled, cartilaginous tube descending from the larynx to the bronchi and carrying air to the lungs. Also called windpipe.
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bronchi
The two main branches of the trachea, leading directly to the lungs.
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bronchiole
The fine, thin-walled, tubular extensions of a bronchus. Wrapped in muscle.
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pneumos
breath
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-ole
suffix, small
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alveoli
A tiny, thin-walled, capillary-rich sac in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. Also called air sac
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mediastinum
The region in mammals between the pleural sacs, containing the heart and all of the thoracic viscera except the lungs.
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diaphragm
A muscular membranous partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities and functioning in respiration. Also called midriff.
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pleura
A thin serous membrane in mammals that envelops each lung and folds back to make a lining for the chest cavity.
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hilium
The area through which ducts, nerves, or blood vessels enter and leave a gland or organ.
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hilar
in the region of the hilium
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adenopathy
enlargement of the lymphnodes
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adeno-
lymphnodes (anywhere in body)
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adenoids
One of two masses of lymphoid tissue located at the back of the nose in the upper part of the throat that may obstruct normal breathing and make speech difficult when swollen. Often used in the plural.
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adenopathy
enlargement of lymphnodes
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adenoidectomy
surgical removal of the adenoids
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cilia
thin, tail-like projections extending approximately 5–10 micrometers outwards from the cell body. There are two types of cilia: motile cilia, which constantly beat in one direction, and non-motile cilia, which typically serve as sensory organelles.
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cilium or flagellum
they have microtubule dependent molecular motors (dynine)
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mucocilliary elevator
Brings the mucus upward so it can be swallowed and digested by the gastric juices
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pulmonary parenchyma
The tissue of the lung performing its function; the alveoli and the small bronchioles
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parenchyma
functional sites in organs
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COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder
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3 conditions of COPD
Asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
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clara cells
protect bronchiolar epithelium, surfactant - smooth mucus increases surface tension in alveoli; act as a stem cell - multiply and differentiate into cilliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium.
Wiki: "secrete a small variety of products, including Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) and a solution similar to the component of the lung surfactant. They are also responsible for detoxifying harmful substances inhaled into the lungs. Clara cells accomplish this with cytochrome P450 enzymes found in their smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Clara cells also act as a stem cell and multiply and differentiate into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium."
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asthma
A chronic reversible respiratory disease that is characterized by sudden recurring attacks of labored breathing, chest constriction, and coughing. Asthma attack it is often triggered by cold, allergies, pollution, emotional factors, and other unidentified factors.
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chronic bronchitis
defined clinically as a persistent cough that produces sputum matter that is coughed up from the respiratory tract, for at least three months in two consecutive years.
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emphysema
characterized by loss of elasticity of the lung tissue, destruction of structures supporting the alveoli, and destruction of capillaries feeding the alveoli.
The result is that the small airways collapse during expiration, leading to an obstructive form of lung disease (airflow is impeded and air is generally "trapped" in the lungs in obstructive lung diseases).
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pneumothorax
collection of air or gas in the space surrounding the lung
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Prostaglandins
Local hormones that regulate every mechanism in yin yang method. They are mediators and have a variety of strong physiological effects, such as regulating the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle tissue. Prostaglandins are not endocrine hormones, but autocrine or paracrine, which are locally acting messenger molecules. They differ from hormones in that they are not produced at a discrete site but in many places throughout the human body. Also, their target cells are present in the immediate vicinity of the site of their secretion (of which there are many).
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atelectasis
Total or partial collapsed lung. Or a congenital condition characterized by the incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth.
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-pnea
breath
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apnea
cessation of breathing
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dyspnea
difficulty breathing
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hyperpnea
increase in the depth of breathing
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bradypnea
slow breathing
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tachypnea
fast breathing
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orthopnea
difficulty breathing while lying down
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phon/o
relating to sound
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dysphonia
hoarseness
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aphonia
loss of voice
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rhin/o
of the nose
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rhinorrhea
liquid discharge through the nose
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rhinoplasty
aesthetic surgery of the nose
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-rrhea
flow
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logorrhea
verbosity, wordiness
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aesthetic
sensitive, to perceive, to feel
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-esthesia
sensation
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anesthesia
no sensation
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paraesthesia
abnormal sensation
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hypoaesthesia
low sensation
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hyperesthesia
increased sensation
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pulmonary
belongs to lungs
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pulmonary abscess
a large collection of puss in the lungs
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pulmonary edema
swelling and fluids in the air sacs and bronchioles
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pulmonary embolism
(PE) clot or other material lodged in the vessels (arteries of the lung)
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pulmonary fibrosis
scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lung
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mesothelioma
A usually malignant tumor of mesothelial tissue, especially that of the pleura or peritoneum
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pleural effusion
The seeping of serous, purulent, or bloody fluid into a body cavity or tissue
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rale
An abnormal respiratory sound characterized by fine crackles.
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ronchi
coarse rattling sound somewhat like snoring, usually caused by secretion in a bronchial airways
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wheezing
is a continuous, coarse, whistling sound produced in the respiratory airways during breathing.
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keratin
family of fibrous structural proteins. Keratin is the key structural material making up the outer layer of human skin. It is also the key structural component of hair and nails.
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dermatology
branch of medicine that concern the study of the skin and its accessories
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skin
an organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of epithelial tissues that guard underlying muscles and organs.
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3 primary layers of skin
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
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epidermis
is the outermost layer of the skin. It forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body's surface and is made up of stratified squamous epithelium with an underlying basal lamina. Is a barrier to infection.
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stratified squamous epithelium
Has layers of scale-like cells. Consists of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane. Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane; the other layers adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity. Although this epithelium is referred to as squamous, many cells within the layers may not be flattened; this is due to the convention of naming epithelia according to the cell type at the surface. In the deeper layers, the cells may be columnar or cuboidal.[citation needed] This type of epithelium is well suited to areas in the body subject to constant abrasion, as it is the thickest and layers can be sequentially sloughed off and replaced before the basement membrane is exposed. It forms the outermost layer of the skin and the inner lining of the mouth, esophagus, and vagina.
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hemidesmosome
very small stud- or rivet-like structures on the inner basal surface of keratinocytes in the epidermis of skin. They are similar in form to desmosomes when visualized by electron microscopy. While desmosomes link two cells together, hemidesmosomes attach one cell to the extracellular matrix.
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cell junctions
a type of structure that exists within the tissue of some multicellular organisms, such as animals. Cell junctions consist of multiprotein complexes that provide contact between neighbouring cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. They also build up the paracellular barrier of epithelia and control the paracellular transport. Cell junctions are especially abundant in epithelial tissues.
Cell junctions are especially important in enabling communication between neighboring cells via specialized proteins called communicating junctions. Cell junctions are also important in reducing stress placed upon cells.
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tight junctions
seal adjacent epithelial cells in a narrow band just beneath their apical surface. Found in vertebrate epithelia, tight junctions act as barriers that regulate the movement of water and solutes between epithelial layers. Tight junctions are classified as a paracellular barrier which is defined as not having directional discrimination, however movement is largely dependent upon solute size and charge. There is evidence to suggest that the structures in which solutes pass through are somewhat like pores.
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Adherens junctions
provide strong mechanical attachments between adjacent cells. Adherens junctions share the characteristic of anchoring cells through their cytoplasmic actin filaments. Similarly to desmosomes and hemidesmosomes, their transmembrane anchors are composed of cadherins in those that anchor to other cells and integrins in those that anchor to extracellular matrix.
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gap junction / communicating junction
a specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types. It directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells without contact of the extracellular fluid, which allows various molecules and ions to pass freely between cells. Gap junctions are very important in intercellular communication. One gap junction channel is composed of two connections (or hemichannels) which connect across the intercellular space.
Gap junctions play vital roles in the human body, including their role in the uniform contractile of the heart muscle. They are also relevant in signal transfers in the brain, and their absence shows a decreased cell density in the brain. Retinal and skin cells are also dependent on gap junctions in cell differentiation and proliferation.
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desmosomes
localized patches that hold two cells tightly together. They are common in epithelia (e.g., the skin). Desmosomes are attached to intermediate filaments of keratin in the cytoplasm.
Desmosomes can be visualized as rivets through the plasma membrane of adjacent cells. Intermediate filaments composed of keratin or desmin are attached to membrane-associated attachment proteins that form a dense plaque on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane.
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pemphigus
an autoimmune disease in which the patient has developed antibodies against proteins (cadherins) in desmosomes. The loosening of the adhesion between adjacent epithelial cells causes blistering.
autoantibodies form against desmoglein. Desmoglein forms the "glue" that attaches adjacent epidermal cells via attachment points called desmosomes. When autoantibodies attack desmogleins, the cells become separated from each other and the epidermis becomes "unglued", a phenomenon called acantholysis. This causes blisters that slough off and turn into sores. In some cases, these blisters can cover a significant area of the skin
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sebum
Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum (Latin, meaning fat or tallow) that is made of fat (lipids) and the debris of dead fat-producing cells. In the glands, sebum is produced within specialized cells and is released as these cells burst; sebaceous glands are thus classified as holocrine glands.
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endocrine glands
Glands that produce a secretion of a substance and excrete it directly in the blood. (Hormones)
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exocrine glands
Glands that produce a secretion of a substance and excrete it out through a duct. (Saliva, Sweat, Sebum, Milk, etc…)
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apocrine glands
Type of exocrine gland where a portion of the plasma membrane buds off the cell, containing the secretion. Apocrine gland is often used to refer to the apocrine sweat glands. Cells which are classified as apocrine bud their secretions off through the plasma membrane producing membrane-bound vesicles in the lumen. This method is also called decapitation secretion. The apical portion of the secretory cell of the gland pinches off and enters the lumen.
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holocrine glands
Type of exocrine gland where the entire cell disintegrates to secrete its substance. Holocrine secretions are produced in the cytoplasm of the cell and released by the rupture of the plasma membrane, which destroys the cell and results in the secretion of the product into the lumen.
Holocrine secretion is the most damaging type of secretion, with merocrine secretion being the least damaging and apocrine secretion falling in between.
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Merocrine glands
Type of exocrine gland. Sweat glands (eccrine sweat glands) and salivary glands are merocrine in nature. The lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts contain "goblet cells" - glandular epithelia that synthesize and secrete a complex glycoprotein called mucus.
A cell is classified as merocrine if the secretions of that cell are excreted via exocytosis from secretory cells into an epithelial-walled duct or ducts and thence onto a bodily surface or into the lumen.
Merocrine is the most common manner of secretion. The gland releases its product and no part of the gland is lost or damaged (compare holocrine and apocrine).
The term eccrine is specifically used to designate merocrine secretions from sweat glands (eccrine sweat glands).
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dermis
the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It harbors many nerve endings that provide the sense of touch and heat. It contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands and blood vessels.
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2 areas of dermis
papillary region and reticular region
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papillary region
composed of loose areolar connective tissue. It is named for its fingerlike projections called papillae that extend toward the epidermis. The papillae provide the dermis with a "bumpy" surface that interdigitates with the epidermis, strengthening the connection between the two layers of skin.
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reticular region
Lies deep in the papillary region and is usually much thicker. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue, and receives its name from the dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that weave throughout it.
These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength, extensibility, and elasticity.
Located within the reticular region are also the roots of the hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, receptors, nails, and blood vessels.
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melanocytes
cells located in the bottom layer of the skin's epidermis and in the middle layer of the eye, the uvea. They produce melanin, a pigment in the skin, eyes, and hair.
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nail
a horn-like envelope covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes in humans, most non-human primates, and a few other mammals. Nails are similar to claws in other animals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protein called keratin, as are animals' hooves and horns. The mammalian nail, claw, and hoof are all examples of unguis.
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lunula
"small moon". crescent-shaped whitish area of the bed of a fingernail or toenail. The lunula is the visible part of the root of the nail.
Outlining the nail matrix, the lunula is a very delicate part of the nail structure. If one damages the lunula, the nail will permanently be deformed. Even when the totality of the nail is removed, the lunula remains in place and is similar in appearance to another smaller fingernail embedded in the nail bed.
It is half-moon-shaped, and has unique histologic features. Examinations concluded that the lunula was an area of loose dermis with lesser developed collagen bundles. It appears whitish because a thickened underlying stratum basale obscures the underlying blood vessels
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cuticle
refers to several structures. It refers to the layers of epidermal cells or keratinocytes that produce the horn protein keratin, and also to the superficial layer of overlapping cells covering the hair shaft (cuticula pili) that locks the hair into its follicle
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Paronychium
"lateral nail fold" is the term for the soft tissue surrounding the border of the fingernail or toenail. It keeps anything from getting underneath the nail, causing an infection
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subcutaneous
Located or placed just beneath the skin
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diaphoresis
profuse sweating
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erythema
redness, flushing
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hidr/o
water
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anhidrosis
no sweat
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hyperhidrosis
easy sweating
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ichthyosis
scaly, dry skin
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keratosis
hard, horny tissue
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leukoplakia
a precancerous lesion that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek as a response to chronic irritation. Occasionally, leukoplakia patches develop on the female external genitalia.
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onych/o
pertaining to the nails
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onycholysis
separation of the nail from the nail bed
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onychomycosis
fungal infection of the nail
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paronychia
inflammation or infection of the soft tissue around the nail
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koilonychia
an abnormal shape of the fingernail where the nail has raised ridges and is thin and concave. Generally a sign of IRON deficiency anemia.
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macula
discolored flat lesion (often reddened)
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papule
small (less than 1 cm) solid elevation of the skin
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pustule
small elevation of the skin containing pus
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ulcer
open sore of the skin o rmucous membrane
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vesicle
blister; small collection of clear fluid, bulla/e is latin for bubble
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wheal
A small swelling on the skin, as from an insect bite, that usually itches or burns
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acne
An inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin that is marked by the eruption of pimples or pustules, especially on the face.
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ecchymosis
The passage of blood from ruptured blood vessels into subcutaneous tissue, marked by a purple discoloration of the skin.
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petechiae
Small crimson, purple, or livid spots, like flea-bites, due to extravasation of blood
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purpura
A condition characterized by hemorrhages in the skin and mucous membranes that result in the appearance of purplish spots or patches.
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eczema
A noncontagious inflammation of the skin, characterized chiefly by redness, itching, and the outbreak of lesions that may discharge serous matter and become encrusted and scaly.
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gangrene
Death and decay of body tissue, often occurring in a limb, caused by insufficient blood supply and usually following injury or disease.
