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P3- COMMUNITY HEALTH > Env- Overview > Flashcards

Env- Overview Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What is the definition of Health according to WHO?

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.

Recently, this definition has been expanded to include the ability to lead a socially and economically productive life.

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2
Q

What model examines the roles of biological, psychological, and social factors in health?

A

Biopsychosocial Model of health.

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3
Q

List the determinants of health.

A
  • Physical environments
  • Social supports and coping skills
  • Healthy behaviors
  • Access to health services
  • Biology and genetic endowment
  • Gender
  • Culture
  • Race/Racism
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4
Q

What are the goals of public health?

A
  • Promote health
  • Preserve health
  • Restore health when it is impaired
  • Minimize suffering and distress
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5
Q

What does Environmental Health address?

A

All physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all related factors impacting behaviors.

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6
Q

What percentage of the global disease burden is attributable to environmental factors?

A

24%.

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7
Q

What is the proportion of deaths attributed to environmental factors among children aged 0-14?

A

36%.

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8
Q

What are some examples of environmentally-mediated diseases?

A
  • Diarrhea
  • LRTIs
  • Malaria
  • Unintentional injuries
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9
Q

What is food hygiene?

A

Practices that keep food free from microbial contamination along all points from ‘farm to plate.

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10
Q

What is food safety defined as?

A

The guarantee that food will not cause harm to the consumer when prepared and eaten according to its intended use.

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11
Q

What are the aims of food hygiene?

A
  • Prevention of food spoilage
  • Inform and educate about food safety
  • Protect food from adulteration
  • Ensure proper practice in the food trade
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12
Q

What is mislabeling in food labelling?

A

When the label on a food container is false or misleading.

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13
Q

What are the criteria for healthy housing?

A
  • Satisfaction of physiological needs
  • Protection against infection
  • Protection against injuries
  • Reduction of psychological and social stresses
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14
Q

What is waste defined as?

A

Unwanted or unusable materials, which are discarded after primary use.

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15
Q

What are the two types of waste?

A
  • Non-hazardous waste
  • Hazardous waste
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16
Q

What is solid waste management?

A

A systematic administration of activities that provide for the source separation, collection, storage, transportation, transfer, processing, treatment and disposal of solid waste.

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17
Q

What are the stages of solid waste management?

A
  • Waste generation
  • Waste reduction, reuse, recycling
  • Waste storage, collection and transport
  • Treatment/disposal
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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Waste reduction involves buying products that use _______.

A

[less packaging]nrn

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19
Q

What is waste recycling?

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A

Reprocessing of waste material before being used to make new products.

20
Q

What are some examples of positive human impacts on the environment?

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A
  • Recycling
  • Reforestation
  • Using clean energy
  • Establishing wildlife preserves and parks
  • Protecting natural preserves and forests
21
Q

What is the impact of indoor air pollution?

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A
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Lower respiratory infections
  • Lung cancer
22
Q

What are the impacts of outdoor/ambient air pollution?

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A
  • Respiratory infections
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Lung cancer
23
Q

What factors can contribute to foodborne diseases?

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A
  • Contaminated water
  • Poor hand washing
  • Inappropriate solid waste management
  • Open defecation
  • Vector infestation
24
Q

What is the role of the Food and Drugs Authority?

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A
  • Site inspection of food factories
  • Licensing
  • Product registration
  • Monitoring
  • Training in food hygiene for food handlers
25
What is the definition of hazardous waste?
Materials that contain substances or properties that might be harmful to human health or the environment.
26
What types of waste are classified as special?
* Pharmaceutical waste * Biomedical research waste * Healthcare facility waste
27
What is open dumping?
A method of refuse disposal where waste is unloaded in open areas without any containment or control. ## Footnote Open dumping can lead to environmental degradation and health hazards.
28
Define sanitary landfill.
A controlled method of waste disposal where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe. ## Footnote Sanitary landfills are designed to minimize environmental impact.
29
What is incineration?
The process of burning waste material to reduce its volume and mass, often generating energy in the process. ## Footnote Incineration can reduce waste but may produce harmful emissions.
30
List some positive human impacts on the environment.
* Recycling * Reforestation * Using clean energy * Establishing wildlife preserves and parks * Protecting natural preserves and forests ## Footnote These actions help maintain biodiversity and support ecosystem health.
31
What are some detrimental human activities affecting the environment?
* Deforestation * Pollution ## Footnote These activities can disrupt ecosystems and have long-term impacts.
32
What is deforestation?
The clearing or thinning of forests by humans for various purposes such as agriculture, logging, and urban development. ## Footnote Deforestation contributes to loss of biodiversity and climate change.
33
Define pollution.
Any undesirable change in the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the environment. ## Footnote Pollution can affect air, water, land, and living organisms.
34
What is soil pollution?
The addition of substances that degrade soil quality, making it less fertile and unable to support life. ## Footnote Sources include domestic waste, industrial chemicals, and agricultural residues.
35
What are common sources of water pollution?
* Chemical contaminants * Raw sewage * Trash ## Footnote These pollutants can severely affect ecosystems and human health.
36
What is smog?
A type of air pollution caused by the interaction of sunlight with pollutants from fossil fuel emissions. ## Footnote Smog can have significant health impacts, particularly in urban areas.
37
True or False: Urban outdoor air pollution causes 1.3 million deaths worldwide per year.
True ## Footnote Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of air pollution.
38
List the top 10 polluting industries.
* Used Lead-Acid Battery Recycling (ULAB) * Mining and Ore Processing * Lead Smelting * Tanneries * Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) * Industrial Dumpsites * Industrial Estates * Chemical Manufacturing * Product Manufacturing * Dye Industry ## Footnote These industries are major contributors to environmental pollution.
39
What is e-waste?
Electronic waste that includes discarded electronics such as refrigerators, microwaves, and televisions. ## Footnote E-waste recycling can be complex due to the heterogeneous materials involved.
40
Fill in the blank: The contamination of water bodies by discharge of pollutants is known as _______.
Water pollution ## Footnote Water pollution can severely impact ecosystems and human health.
41
What is noise pollution?
Unwanted sound that can cause serious damage to hearing and overall health. ## Footnote Major sources include industrial activities and transportation.
42
List some consequences of human interactions with the environment.
* Food insecurity * Climate Change * Desertification * Land degradation * Ozone layer depletion * Loss of biodiversity ## Footnote These consequences can have far-reaching impacts on human society and ecosystems.
43
What are some mitigation measures for environmental issues?
* Integrated economic policy * Public education * Population control * Technology development * Establishing environmental organizations * Recycling of water * Scientific research * Re-afforestation * Limiting fossil fuel burning * Establishing National Parks ## Footnote These measures aim to improve sustainability and mitigate environmental degradation.
44
What is the role of environmental health?
To improve human living conditions and quality of life through understanding human-environment interactions. ## Footnote Environmental health also plays a key role in preventing communicable diseases.
45
True or False: Sustainable development should not be a focus in environmental health action.
False ## Footnote Sustainable development is essential for long-term environmental health.

P3- COMMUNITY HEALTH (7 decks)

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