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CEN > Environment & Tox Emergencies: Communicable Infections > Flashcards

Environment & Tox Emergencies: Communicable Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Measles
(3 C’s)

A
  • high contagious
  • incubation period 8-12 days
  • conjunctivitis, coryza (stuffy nose), cough
  • Koplik spots (near molars)

-maculopapular rash from head to toe

-treat s/s & immunizations

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2
Q

Mumps

A
  • contagious 16-18 days

-swollen salivary glans leadt to puffy cheeks and swollen jaw

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3
Q

Rubella

A
  • contagious up to a week prior to symptoms and a week after rash
  • rash starts on face

-complications is birth defects and arthritis

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4
Q

Pertussis
(whooping cough)

A
  • high contagious incubation 7-10 days
  • attaches to the respiratory tract and limit the child’s ability to clear secretions

-coryza (sneezing), low grade fever

  • paroxysmal bursts of coughing “whooping”
  • petechial rash above nipple lien from broken blood vessels
  • swab in nasopharynx
  • tx with erythromycin, supportive care
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5
Q

Chickenpox
(Varicella)

A
  • infectious 48 hr before rash appears

-contagious until all skin lesions crust over

-airborne precautions

  • purulent vesicular rash starts on trunk with fever & urticaria (rash)

*No ASA

  • varicella zoster vaccine
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6
Q

Shingles

A
  • lesions follow path of nerve dermatomes
  • pain develops first followed by lesions and do not cross body midline
  • pain control and antivirals
  • varicella zoster vaccine
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7
Q

Diphtheria

A
  • incubation 1-8 days
  • sore throat, low grad fever, *thick gray membranes covering tonsils (throat culture)
  • tx with erythromycin
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8
Q

Mono
(epstein -barr virus)

A
  • spread by body fuids
  • fatigue, lymphs, myalgia(muscle aches)
  • splenomegaly
    -monospot blood test
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9
Q

cdiff

A
  • antibiotic associated diarrhea
  • gram +, anaerobic, bacillus
  • standard & contact isolation
  • treat with flagyl
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10
Q

active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)

A
  • chronic cough, night sweats, fever, chills, weight loss
  • CXR, sputum culture
    -negative pressure, standard & airborne
    -tx with rifampin (stains body fluids bright orange) and isoniazid
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11
Q

Burns

A

-carbonaceous sputum & stridor indicates oral burns, intubate immediately
-perform escharotomy for circumferential chest burn and you cannot ventilate

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12
Q

Burn Formula

A

2 adult, 3 peds, 4 electrical

-LR at 2ml/kg x TBSA
-1st half of the total volume of fluid over the 1st eight hours from time of burn injury

*adult urine output 0.5-1.0 ml/kg/hour
*ped urine output 1-2 ml/kg/hour

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13
Q

Electrical burns

A

-risk of rhabodo
- ^ IVF
- ECG monitoring for 24 hrs
-risk of vfib

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14
Q

Lightening burns

A

-Lichtenberg feathering
- ruptured tympanic membrane
-cataracts long term

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15
Q

Chemical exposure to lime powder

A

brush off dry chemical first

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16
Q

Chemical exposure to asphalt

A

cool and apply emollient to loosen, must have physician order

17
Q

Chemical exposure to phenol (carbolic acid)

A

copious irrigation with 50% MiraLAX and water

18
Q

Chemical exposure to hydrofluoric acid (rust remover)

A

irrigate for at least 30mins, until pain relief then apply 2.5% calcium gluconate gel

19
Q

Chemical exposure to lye, cement, or ammonia

A

large volumes of irrigation due to chemical causes liquefaction and destroys tissue

20
Q

What causes carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

When you breathe Co in, it attaches to and replaces the oxygen on the hemoglobin molecule, resulting in carboxyhemoglobin and reducing the oxygen content of the blood known as the silent killer

21
Q

What is the treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

-S/S: headache with n/v, seizures, & cherry red skin

  • DX with carboxyhemoglobin (do not trust SpO2)

-TX with 100% high flow o2 with tight fitting mask until level is <10%

22
Q

What causes cyanide poisoning?

A

-burning of plastics or carpets

-interferes with cellular respiration

23
Q

What is the treatment for cyanide poisoning?

A

S/S: smell of bitter almonds on breath, headache, dizziness, and seizures

TX: Cyanide kit (inhaled amyl nitrite), IV sodium nitrite, IV sodium thiosulfate or VitB 12 (pink urine)

24
Q

black widow spider bite

A

-appearance has a red hourglass on abdomen of female spider

-S/S: sting to dull ache of bite, abdominal cramping, muscle spasm, HT, tachycardia, N/V

-TX: ice, elevate, benzos for muscle spasms, anitvenin

25
Q

brown recluse spider bite
(fiddle back violin shape)

A

S/S: painless bite, pruritus, redness, blister, bluish ring, fever, chills, N/V, necrotizing ulcer over time

TX: wound care, removal of necrotic tissue, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, antibiotics, steroids

26
Q

pit viper snakes

A

-most snake bites are dry bites, does no require antivenin

-S/S progressive edema, blood filled vesicles

-TX: 2 large bore IVs, remove constructive clothing, immobilize limb in neutral position, antivnenom
-No ice!

27
Q

coral snakes

(red on yellow, kill a fellow; red on black, venom lack)

A

-neurotoxic venom causing respiratory paralysis

-S/S: respiratory distress, local paresthesia, diplopia, ptosis, difficulty swallowing, > salivation

-TX: supportive care, possible antivenom

28
Q

stingrays

A

-venom coated barbed stingers create severe pain and swelling

-immerse in warm water for up to 2hrs until relief of pain

29
Q

jellyfish

A

-nematocysis are stinging darts that fire producing sever pain and reddened welts

-TX: rinse in normal saline and remove tentacles using forceps

-water stimulates venom

30
Q

dog bites

A

-associated with underlying crush injury

-15% become infected

-leave open and consider rabies prophylaxis or watch dog closely for rabies

31
Q

cat bites

A

-highest rate of infection of animal bites because of long fangs

-saliva contains pasteurella which leads to cellulitis

-leave wound open unless on face

32
Q

human bites

A

-saliva carries 10 bacteria per milliliter and can transmit hepatitis B

-requires copious irrigation and debridement

-usually left open and bulky dressing is applied to decrease movement

33
Q

submersion injury

A

-inadequate decompression after exposure

-increased pressure resulting in bubbles growing in tissues that cause local damage known as the “bends”

-body absorbs nitrogen during ascent

-S/S: sob, crepitus, numbness & tingling, petechial rash, seizures, joint discomfort

-TX: oxygen administration, fluids, analgesic, position patient on left side in Trendelenburg, hyperbaric oxygen therapy

CEN (13 decks)

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