Environmental Flashcards

Question

What is an Exogenous drive

Answer 1

External forces such as changes in light

Answer 2

Investigated shift working at a potash plant in utah. Throughout the season there was a rotating shift system (day, night, swing). Employees would rotate every 7 days in a phase advance direction

Answer 3

Workers bring forward the time they sleep in order to adjust (sleep earlier)

Answer 4

Workers bring back the time they go to bed (sleep later)

Answer 5

153 male employees. 85 of them were on rotating shifts compared to a control of 68 whos shifts stayed the same

Answer 6

Initial self reports were sent to see the employees initial views on the system. The 85 workers on rotating shifts were moved to a phase delay, some staying on a 7 day rotation and some moving to a 21 day rotation

Answer 7

29% had previously fallen asleep at work. They preferred the new phase delay and they were more productive. Shift workers had a much lower turnover rate than before

Answer 8

Suggests that employees should rotate shifts forwards and rotate as little as often for maximum efficiency

Answer 9

Precket Siffre Melatonin supplements Lightbox treatment

Answer 10

272 students at 5 german high schools were given a questionnaire and a cognitive test to complete in class. Results showed that those who prefer to go to bed after 11 were likely to have a significantly lower GPA than others. This suggests that having school start early gives early risers an advantage over others.

Answer 11

French scientist siffre lived in a cave for 2 weeks in 1962. The cave was completely dark apart from a lightbulb and didn't contact the outside world. Found that the body followed the same sleep wake cycle but every 24 hours and 30 minutes. This suggests that humans have a body clock independant from natural light

Answer 12

Melatonin is the chemical that induces sleep. Released by the pineal gland. Supplements may be taken in order to make people fall asleep easier as they boost melatonin

Answer 13

Lightbox treatment involves sitting in front of an artificial bright light. After as little as 15 minutes that can be effective. They aim to 'trick' the pineal gland into thinking its day and not release melatonin

Answer 14

To investigate the effectiveness of different message framing forms towards attitudes to recycling

Answer 15

140 households in a US community Slight bias towards upmarket property 57% female responses to the questionnaire, with a mean age of 34.9

Answer 16

1) Students covertly observed residents and counted the number of items recycled as well as categories this covered 2) The day after 120 households recieved a stimulus message 3) The following week the students did the same to see if behaviour changed 4) Households were then delivered a questionnaire to measure attitudes and beliefs towards recycling

Answer 17

Positively framed - Focusing on savings to community and benefits to environments Negatively framed - physical, environmental and social risks of not recycling

Answer 18

Letter Advert News articles

Answer 19

significant increase in amount recycled from week 1 to week 2 Those with positive framed messages had more positive beliefs to recycling Those who received letters had the largest increase in recycling

Answer 20

Cialdini Luyben and Bailey Positive reinforcement Yale model of persuasion

Answer 21

Positive reinforcement is where you try to get people to repeat desired behaviours by providing a reward In oregon people were goven 5 cents for each bottle can or container they recycle. Raised to 90% In NY they had a similar law. Glass recycling raised from 3% to 77%

Answer 22

Carried out research in four mobile home parks increasing the avaliable recucling facilities. Led to a 52% increase in the recycling of newspapers

Answer 23

Cialdini worked with a hotel to encourage the reuse of towels rather than replacing them Messages: Help save energy Help save the environment Partner.... save environment Help future generations Join fellow citizens to save environment Results: Describing a social norm was the most successful prompt

Answer 24

Source: Messages are more persuasive coming from a credible source Message: Message should be 2 sided if the audience is educated and 1 sided if not Recipient: If the audience is not already committed you should try for a big shift Situation: Most effective if given in informal group settings

Answer 25

Designing equipment and devices that fit the human body

Answer 26

Physical Cognitive

Answer 27

Ensuring that the user doesnt experience any physical discomfort, eg back pain, eye strain etc.

Answer 28

Focusing on designing machinery to fit with how we think.

Answer 29

Drews and Doig

Answer 30

To develop a CVS system that helps nurses by giving a graphical display

Answer 31

42 nurses with a minimum of 1 year working in the ICU. Mean age of 44.6 years

Answer 32

Participants were presented with 4 situations (Sepsis, septic shock, pulmonary embolism and a stable scenario) They were given vitals on a desktop computer and details about the patient. They had 5 minutes to complete each scenario.

Answer 33

Half the participants were given a traditional numerical display and the other half the new graphical display

Answer 34

Response time and accuracy of diagnosis

Answer 35

Those in the graphical condition identified the patient's state significantly quicker (48%) in septic shock Accuracy of diagnosis on the new display was higher

Answer 36

Presenting ICU nurses with graphical data can lead to nurses diagnosing patient's conditions significantly quicker and with improved accuracy

Answer 37

Miller Brown and Poulton Higuera-Trujillo Hawthorne studies

Answer 38

Short term memory - there's a limit to the information that can be stored in short term memory Millers proposal - Most people can hold 7 pieces of information in short term memory. Chunking information can increase what is hold in memory at once

Answer 39

Investigated the impact of the physical environment on level of productivity Changed the light level for workers assembling relay switches Any change led to increased productivity - suggested that if workers believed they were being watched then that was enough to improve performance

Answer 40

IV - Participants driving a car in either an area with small number of inputs or area with large number of inputs. Participants were played a tape of a number sequence being read aloud and had to memorise it. Participants driving in the large area had more mistakes. suggests that you have to give more attention to the primary task, thus lowering the mental capacity for other tasks

Answer 41

IV - Colour of virtual classroom was changed for different students DV - performance was measured with both a memory task and an attention task Results - Participants performed better on both tasks if the room was coloured purple

Answer 42

46 patients in a Pennsylvania hospital who have undergone gall bladder surgery. Split into 23 pairs matched by age, gender and other health history,

Answer 43

1) Length of hospitalisation 2) Number and strength of pain relief 3) Number and strength of anxiety meds 4) Minor complications requiring medication 5) Nurses notes

Answer 44

7.96 days with grass, 8.7 with the wall Less pain relief if viewing trees No difference in anxiety meds No difference in minor complications More negative notes if viewing a brick wall

Answer 45

Patients were observed by researchers after they have undergone surgery. Notes were made on the various DVs. One from each pair had a view of a brick wall outside their window whereas the other had a view of trees and grassy areas

Answer 46

Nature is therapeutic in aiding recovery.

Answer 47

Newman Armitage Cohen Bickman

Answer 48

Zone of territory - clear markers to show areas are privately owned Opportunities for surveillance - Larger residences can have a courtyard that is overlooked Image - Encourages personalisation Millieu - surrounding buildings with personal space rather than open spaces

Answer 49

Aim: To see if there was a relationship between a floor level and a child's reading ability Sample: 54 children atending a school in NY Results: Significant correlation between the floor level and standardised tests Conclusion: Noise levels may have a detrimental effect on reading ability and school performance

Answer 50

Looked at crime rates in manchester. Found that cul-de-sacs are the least likely to have crimes occur Reducing crime: Footpaths should be: required Short Direct Wide Well lit

Answer 51

Found that helpfulness is affected by density of population Stamped addressed envelopes were dropped in either high, medium or low density student areas and helping behaviour was measured by percentage of letters posted. Highest proportion were posted in the lowest density condition (88) and the lowest in the highest density condition (58)

Answer 52

Areas that people lay claim to and will defend because they perceive themselves as having ownership

Answer 53

An invisible bubble that surrounds us wherever we go regulating how close we let people get to us

Answer 54

To see whether men and women personalise their workspace differently Is personalisation linked to employee well being Is personalisation more important to men or women Is a personalisation policy linked to organisational well being

Answer 55

20 companies based in Orange county. Surveys were given to 661 office workers and 338 were returned. 23 employees were used for the follow up case studies

Answer 56

Surveys were given out that required responding to Case studies had 10-15 minute long structured interviews. Those participants then had their workspace inspected and photographs taken

Answer 57

Workplace personalisation Satisfaction with physical environment Job satisfaction Well-Being Employee perception of well being Personality traits Personal information

Answer 58

Women personalise more than men do - representing family etc rather than achievements Strong associations between personalisation and job satisfaction No difference in well being in gender according to survey data Companies more lenient with personalisation reported a more positive organisational climate

Answer 59

Workplace personalisation has benefits to both employees and employers although caution should be taken when making policies

Answer 60

Smith Hall Sommer and Ross Middlemist

Answer 61

Observing how different nationalities compete for beach space. Observations were done on French, German and US beaches. Interviews were conducted and type of territorial markers were recorded. Those from west germany made larger territorial claims wheras the french did not grasp the concept of territoriality

Answer 62

Four zones of personal spaace: Intimate: 0-1.5 feet for intimate contact or physical sport Personal: 1.5-4 feet for close friends and everyday interactions Social: 4-12 feet for impersonal and business like contace Public - More than 12 feet for formal contacts

Answer 63

Rearranging seats into small circular groups to promote social contact and overcome depressing effects the waiting area had on patients

Answer 64

Aim: Investigating whether personal space causes uncomfortable arousal Procedure: A confederate would stand either next to or further from an individual at a urinal. They would measure how long it takes to start urinating and how long they did it for. Results: Close distance took longer to piss and left sooner Conclusion: Personal effects have physiological arousal effects

Environmental Flashcards

(92 cards)