Environmental And Occupational (IMP)

Question 1

Types of environments

Answer 1

outdoor
Indoor (more affected and controlled by human activities):
home (domestic)
Work (occupational)
Other (school, healthcare, etc)

Or physical environment and non physical (psychosocial) environment.

Question 2

Main components of environment

Answer 2

• Air
• Water
• Soil
• Physical factors (temp, floods, stroms etc)
• Man made items and human activities (machines, wars, electricity, etc)
• Waste (adverse products of human related activities).

Question 3

What is watse

Answer 3

Unwanted substance or materials produced as a result of process

Question 4

Types of waste

Answer 4

Solid waste
Liquid watse

Question 5

Solid waste includes waste from houses, street sweeping, commercial, industrial, and agricultural.
It is divided into:

Answer 5

Hazardous waste: this type threaten public could be inflammable, reactive, corrosive or toxic.
Organic waste: food waste, vegetable peel, flower trimmings, and anima excreta.
Recyclable watse: is processing used materials into new useful products, may include aluminum products, glass, papers, and plastics.

Question 6

include waste from houses, street sweeping, commercial, industrial, and agricultural.
It is divided into:

Answer 6

Hazardous waste: this type threaten public could be inflammable, reactive, corrosive or toxic.
Organic waste: food waste, vegetable peel, flower trimmings, animal excreta.
Recyclable watse: processing used materials into new useful products, may include aluminum products, glass, papers, and plastics.

Question 7

Liquid waste include:

Answer 7

• Wash water, flushing, cleaning liquid in industries.
• Human excreta this type named sewage.

Question 8

Liquid waste include

Answer 8

• Wash water, flushing, cleanings liquid in industries.
• Human excreta this type named sewage

Question 9

Effect of waste on health and environment:

Answer 9

A.Place of fly and other insect breeding ,food contamination increase incident of intestinal infection
B.It attract rats ,rodents and other animal.
C. Causes water air soil pollution.
D Creation of nuisance ,unsightly appearance and unpleasant odor.

Question 10

Medical (healthcare produced) waste:

Answer 10

Non hazardous : usual waste type.
Hazardous

Question 11

Exampes of hazardous medical waste:

Answer 11

• blood contaminated non sharp waste
• sharp waste
• body fluid
• human parts and tissues
• radioactive watse
• Chemical waste
• pharmaceutical waste

Question 12

Medical (healthcare) watse management:

Answer 12

• segregation (color coding + specific containers + appropriate handling).
• Disposal:
1. Autoclaving
2. Incineration.
3. Landfill or other.

Question 13

Color coding for medical waste segregation and methods of disposal:

Answer 13

General waste (Green): incineration or secure land
Infected plastics (red): secure land, autoclaving or incineration
Infected watse (yellow): Deep , plasma pyrolysis/incineration
Glassware (blue): Re-Cycler
Sharps (white): sharp

Question 14

What is occupational health:

Answer 14

Are in public health aims to promote highest level physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations.

Question 15

Occupational medicine

Answer 15

It is medical discipline interested in diagnosis and management of occupational and work realted diseases

Question 16

Occupational nursing

Answer 16

Nursing specialty interested in occupational diseases.

Question 17

Occupational (industrial) hygiene:

Answer 17

The discipline interested in providing protection of workers health by controlling workplace hazards. (Identification + evaluation + control of workplace hazards).
Or the science and art devoted to the recognition, evaluation and control of the hazards at the workplaces, which may cause sickness, impaired health and significant discomfort.

Question 18

Control of hazard

Answer 18

General methods of controlling environmental factors or hazards that may cause sickness, impaired health or significant discomfort among workers.

Question 19

Occupational safety

Answer 19

It means safety at the workplaces or freedom of danger or sickness.

The aim is to eliminate work Injuries and loss of industrial property

Question 20

Factors to be considered in occupational hygiene

Answer 20

Human factors:
Training
Health status such as visual or hearing problems
Environmental factors:
Temperature
Noise or poor lighting in the working environment
Work factors:
Length of shift or error of design

Question 21

Personal protective equipment (PPE):

Answer 21

They are the equipment, dresses, wears and tools used by the workers individually for personal protection from occupational hazards.

Question 22

Examples of industrial PPE:

Answer 22

• head protection
• respiratory protection
• foot and leg protection
• eye and face protection
• hand and arm protection
• body protection

Question 23

Occupational diseases

Answer 23

Defined as thr diseases caused by exposure to agent in the workplace environment where the relationship to specific causative factors at work has been fully identified, measured and eventually controlled

Question 24

Work related diseases

Answer 24

Are diseases partially caused by adverse working conditions.
They may be aggravated, accelerated or exacerbated by workplace exposure, and may impair working capacity

Question 25

Workplace always be outdoor filed (T/F)

Answer 25

F Workplace may be a confined "indoor" or open field "outdoor"

Question 26

Major categories of occupational illness by organ system:

Answer 26

• Musculoskeletal disorders • Respiratory disorders • Nuerologic and psychiatric disorders • Skin disorders • Reproductive and development disorders • Cardiovascular disorders • Hematologic disorders • Hepatic disorders • Rebal and urinary disorders

Question 27

Surveillance of occupational diseases

Answer 27

**1.Medical screening:** testing for diagnosis of disease in individuals at an early stage **2.Medical monitoring:** the routine measurement of health indices, with analysis and interpretation of the data. **3.Biological Monitoring:** The sampling of body fluids or tissues to estimate toxins or their metabolites with a view to assess degree of exposure or degree of toxicity to chemical agents at work or detection of early occupational **4.Exposure monitoring:** Involving air measurements of chemicals to which workers are exposed.

Question 28

Examples of **medical monitoring** in surveillance of occupational diseases:

Answer 28

Routin periodic examination Periodic audiometry

Question 29

Examples of **Biological monitoring** in surveillance of occupational diseases:

Answer 29

Serum serology for hiv, serum lead level, and serum liver enzymes

Question 30

Examples of **Exposure monitoring** in surveillance of occupational diseases:

Answer 30

Radiation dosimeter Sound level meter

Question 31

Categories of occupational hazards

Answer 31

Physical hazards Chemical hazards Biological hazards Mechanical hazards Psychosocial hazards

Question 32

Way to reduce the risk of biological hazards in medical field:

Answer 32

• Health workers who may come in contact with blood or body fluids should receive hepatitis B vaccination. • Follow all safety procedures in the workplace. • Regularly undertake safety refresher course • Minimise use of needles. • Remember that latex gloves don't protect against needlestifk injuries. • Don't bend or snap used needles • Never re-cap a used needle • Place used needles into a clearly labelled and puncture-proof sharps approved container.

Question 33

What to do when a needle-stick injury is reported:

Answer 33

• Conduct a risk assessment • record exposure engagement • describe the situation, including where the incident occurred • evaluate the nerd for prophylaxis/treatment intervention