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plsc 213 > Environmental Constraints: Water, Temperature, Wind, Salt, And Toxins > Flashcards

Environmental Constraints: Water, Temperature, Wind, Salt, And Toxins Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of abiotic stress factors

A

temperatures, water, radiation, chemical stress, mechanical stress

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2
Q

Drought avoidance

A

desert annuals complete life cycle rapidly after rain (live fast die young)

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3
Q

Drought deciduous

A

lose leaves during dry season, typically expansive belowground

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4
Q

Drougt tolerant adaptations

A

Invest heavily in root systems
more but smaller stomata
thick and tough leaves
enter domat state during drought
increase solutes to increase osmotic potential

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5
Q

Flooding adaptations

A

switch to glycolysis to avoid oxygen requirements during ATP synthesis
roots may have aerenhyma (hollow chambers that allow oxygen to flow through plants

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6
Q

Temperature classifications for plants

A

Chilling sensitive
Freezing sensitive
Freezing tolerant

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7
Q

Chilling sensitive

A

injury below 10-15 C. Change in membrane stucture inhibits cellular function

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8
Q

Freezing sensitive

A

Injury below 0 C. Creation of ice crystals cause physical damage to cells

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9
Q

Freezing tolerant

A

supercooling prevents cellular contents from freezing up to a point

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10
Q

What determines distribution of species (temp)

A

Huge variation in temperature as a function of latitude and altitude

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11
Q

Dwarfing

A

Decreased investment in vunerable woody areas, causing plant to grow closer to the ground

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12
Q

Leaf adaptations to cold temperatures

A

thicker, tougher leaves
waxy coating to reduce water loss
reduction in photosynthesis

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13
Q

Acclimation response to cool temps

A

change in fatty acid membrane to increase chilling resistance
change chemical compensation in leaves to avoid freezing
enter dormant state with senescence of leaves

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14
Q

dominant type of trees in lack of freezing lands

A

broad evergreen leaves

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15
Q

dominant type of trees in freezing winters

A

deciduous broad-leaved species

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16
Q

dominant type of trees in freezing temps with short growing season

A

evergreen coniferdominance

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17
Q

Primary effect of heat on photosynthesis

A

effeciency of photosynthesis declines above 25 C or C3 plants (slows)

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18
Q

How is heat injury tied with water limitation?

A

temp greater than 40 C cause plants to cease transpiration cooling to conserve water

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19
Q

How do plants cool down?

A

Transpiration cooling
long wave radiation emission
convective cooling
heliotrophic sun tracking
life history strategies to avoid hottest part of year

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20
Q

Physical damage from wind

A

windthrow
abrasion by windborne particles
“flagging” shape in woody plants (lost branches on one side)
desiccation by dry winds

21
Q

Adaptations to wind

A

dwarfing/cushion growth forms
hairy leaf surfaces or thick waxy cuticle to protect more sensitive parts from flying particles

22
Q

Ionic toxicity

A

Injury from osmotic effect or direct toxic effect of ions caused by salts

23
Q

Example of plant with salinity resistance

A

Salt cedar (salt accumulates in foliar gland and then are deposited on soil surface)

24
Q

A plant adapted to salinity is often also adapted to _________

A

drought

25
Q

Common source of acute short term toxicity

A

acid deposition from fossil fuel combustian

26
Q

What does acute short term toxiticy cause?

A

direct injury to leaf surface
acidified soils
aluminum toxicity (acid rain)
loss of important cations

27
Q

Ecological impacts of toxicity

A

chronic/long-term toxin exposure can lead to adaptation
serpentine soils lack nutrients and often have high nickle, cobalt, and chromium concentrations
diverse endemic flora

28
Q

trade off

A

whn increasing performance of one feature, organism must decrease another

29
Q

Examples of important tradeoffs

A

annual vs perenial
evergreen vs deciduous
growth rate vs defense
seed size vsseed dispersial
seed size vs seed number

30
Q

Functional types (strategies)

A

gymnosperms
angiosperms
dicots
monocots

31
Q

Life history

A

organism’s lifetime pattern of growth, development, and reproduction
common history life patterns recognized as functional types

32
Q

Functional groups

A

graminoids
forbs
shrubs
trees
vines
nitrogen fixers

33
Q

Graminoids

A

grasses and grasslike plants
monocots with extensive fiberous root systems
imprecise foragers
renew above-ground biomass annually

34
Q

Forbs

A

Herbaceous dicots with fibrous and/or taproots with 2 common growth forms prostrate/rosette and erect

35
Q

Prostrate/rosette

A

grows close to ground and only grows up when it is going to flower

36
Q

Erect

A

shoots up in stem, is tall, and has lots of leaves coming off stem

37
Q

Shrubs

A

Plants that accumulate above-ground woody tissue and is typically around 4.5m tall

38
Q

trees

A

tall woody plants that are better at competing for light than shrubs but require more resource avability. Typically taller than 4.5m

39
Q

vines

A

often woody climbing plants that are unable to support themselves due to thin stems

40
Q

Nitrogen fixers

A

fix nitrogen through rhizobia or other bacterial associations and can exhibit multiple forms

41
Q

competitive CSR classification

A

Need high nutrient levels
fast growing
utilize resource avalibility

42
Q

stress tolerant CSR classification

A

slow growing to avoid nutrient loss
can tolerate low nutrients and harsh environments
maximize traits to maintain structure (not to grow quick)

43
Q

ruderal CSR classification

A

fast growing but not competitive
finish life cycle fast
rapidly colonize sites
maximize seed output
often annual weeds

44
Q

How does the CSR triangle seperate plants?

A

along gradient of competitive intensity, environmental stress, and disturbance frequency/intensity

45
Q

what drives roots vs shoots allocations?

A

relative requirements for soil resources and light

46
Q

why is total root biomass so much higher in grasslands?

A

More perenial species, so they have more time to accumulate roots

47
Q

Fast-slow economic spectrum in leaves

A

Invest more in leaves and they will be more efficent/last longer, but u will grow slower
Invest minimally in your leaves and you can grow fast, but leaves will be more suseptible to damage and resource leaking

48
Q

Height trade off

A

taller plants are better at capturing light, but more suseptable to damage

49
Q

seed trade off

A

bigger seeds allow better establishment, but dont disperse as far

plsc 213 (16 decks)

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