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Pathology Final > Environmental Pathology > Flashcards

Environmental Pathology Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Leading global cause of morbidity and premature death in developing countries:

A

undernutrition

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2
Q

How many pounds of toxic chemicals are released each year by US?

A

4 billion

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3
Q

How many pounds of pollution are carcinogens?

A

72 million

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4
Q

What is the leading cause of death in developing countries?

A

Ischemic Heart disease and Cerebrovascular disease

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5
Q

Anything that can be absorbed in any way possible (inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact) is called?

A

Xenobiotic

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6
Q

___ (in the liver) converts toxic metabolite to easily excreted water-soluble compounds.

A

cytochrome P450

*phase 1!

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7
Q

Affixes polar groups to solubilize insoluble compounds; primary metabolite gets converted to secondary.

A

Phase 2

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8
Q

Hemoglobin has a ___ higher affinity for carbon monoxide

A

200x

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9
Q

What is the clinical finding in a person with acute carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

cherry red skin & mucous membrane coloration

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10
Q

What metal interferes with calcium metabolism and bone remodeling?

A

Lead

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11
Q

Symptoms of lead poisoning?

A
  • neurotoxicity (affects children’s mental health!)

- inhibited fracture healing

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12
Q

Blue green bartonian line along

gingival margin is seen with:

A

lead induced pigmentation

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13
Q

Increased radio density of epiphyses due to impaired cartilage remodeling; can be seen in the gums!

A

Lead lines

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14
Q

Lead suppresses ____ synthesis.

A

hemoglobin

there are ringed sideroblasts on stain

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15
Q

What produces the organic form of mercury?

A

Bacteria

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16
Q

Neurotoxicity of mercury = ?

A

Minamata disease

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17
Q

What are the four things seen in Minamata disease?

A
  • cerebral palsy
  • deafness
  • blindness
  • mental retardation
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18
Q

Huge amounts of what metal are seen in Bangladesh, and cause lots of poisoning?

A

Arsenic

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19
Q

Acute arsenic poisoning causes:

A

GI, Cardiovascular, and CNS problems (can be fatal)

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20
Q

Chronic arsenic poisoning causes:

A

Increase risk of lung and skin cancers

skin changes via hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis, which can develop into squamous and basal cell carcinomas

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21
Q

Exposure to benzenes and organic solvents can lead to:

A

leukemia

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22
Q

What causes 90% of lung cancers?

A

Tobacco smoking

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23
Q

Smoking causes 5+ million deaths annually from:

Study These Flashcards
A

CVD, Cancer, Chronic respiratory problems

24
Q

Major metabolite of nicotine is:

25
How does nicotine exert behavioral effects?
``` nACh receptors (nicotine subtype of ACh receptors) *found in ANS & NMJ ```
26
What part of brain is nicotinic receptor found?
Hippocampus
27
The difference in survival between smokers and non-smokers is __ years.
7.5
28
At age 70: __% of non-smokers are alive __% of smokers are alive.
80% of non-smokers are alive | 50% of smokers are alive.
29
Tobacco increases chances of MI and stroke by what 4 ways?
1) Increase platelet aggregation 2) Decrease heart oxygen supply 3) Increased oxygen demand 4) Decreased threshold for ventricular fibrillation
30
Legal definition of drunk driving is how many mg/dL?
80 | about 3 drinks
31
How many mg/dL leads to drowsiness?
200
32
How many mg/dL leads to stupor?
300 | anything higher = coma
33
Main mode of alcohol metabolism is:
ADH
34
``` FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME: • ___ • ___ • ___ • ___ ```
* microcephaly * growth retardation * facial abnormalities * mental deficiencies
35
Chronic effects of alcohol?
- cirrhosis of liver - portal hypertension - thiamine deficiency (wernicke's syndrome!)
36
*Hormone replacement therapy is associated with what three things?
- INCREASE breast cancer risk - INCREASE venous thromboembolism - DECREASE of heart disease if started early
37
Low ___ is toxic to liver cells; this happens when one takes Acetaminophen.
glutathione
38
What drug can cause blueish skin, gray-ish teeth, and thyroid pigmentation?
Minocycline
39
What disease causes black skin pigmentation?
Ochronosis (alkaptonuria)
40
What drug blocks re-uptake of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine and stimulates presynaptic release?
Cocaine
41
The main difference between contusion vs laceration is:
- contusion = overlying skin is intact | - laceration = overlying skin is ruptured
42
Thermal injury: - Superficial burn affects only: - Partial thickness affects: - Full thickness affects:
- Superficial = epidermis - Partial thickness = epidermis and dermis - Full thickness = subcutaneous tissue and muscle (n.n burned)
43
Wound that smells, slippery & green is infected with this bacteria.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
44
If someone has head and neck radiation - which salivary glands are the LEAST resistant to radiation?
Parotid
45
If someone has head and neck radiation - which salivary glands are the MOST resistant to radiation?
Minor salivary glands
46
Most common type of benign salivary gland tumor?
Pleomorphic adenoma
47
____ may cause cross-linking of membrane proteins
hydroxyl radicals
48
Cells in the __ and __ phases are the most sensitive to radiation.
G2 and mitotic | if you had to pick one - mitotic!
49
VERY sensitive to radiation:
* hematopoietic cells * lymphoid tissue * spermatogonia * ovarian follicles
50
RELATIVELY sensitive to radiation:
* GI mucosa * endothelial cells * hair follicles * breast * pancreas * bladder * heart & lungs
51
LEAST sensitive to radiation:
* bone and cartilage * skeletal muscle * nervous tissue
52
What is the dose of whole-body radiation that is lethal to humans?
10-20 Gy
53
What are the clinically important tissues and organs that are hard to shield during radiation therapy?
- Skin, Salivary glands - Lungs, Heart - Kidney, Bladder, Intestine
54
Radiation-induced cancers include:
Leukemia, Breast, Brain, Thyroid, Lung, Skin
55
Electric power is an example of:
Non-ionizing radiation
56
Pigmentation as a result of UV radiation happens by:
oxidation of melanin

Pathology Final (8 decks)

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