Environmental Psychology Flashcards by Samantha Pike

BLACK AND BLACK aircraft noise+residents’ hypertension
AIM

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

To see the impact of aircraft noise on health of the community of people

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BLACK AND BLACK aircraft noise+residents’ hypertension
2 AUSTRALIAN AREAS

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Questionnaires mailed to 1500 addresses in 2 areas: Sydney Airport and 55km away from South Penrith

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BLACK AND BLACK aircraft noise+residents’ hypertension
RESULT IN NOISE-AFFECTED AREA

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

6.27 annoyance (mean) aircraft noise response

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BLACK AND BLACK aircraft noise+residents’ hypertension
HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Worse in community exposed to aircraft noise

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BLACK AND BLACK aircraft noise+residents’ hypertension
QUESTIONNAIRES

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Health, hypertension, annoyance and extraneous factors

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GLASS AND SINGER reasons why noise is stressful
INVESTIGATING

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

After-effects of exposure to noise

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GLASS AND SINGER reasons why noise is stressful
TASK

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Participants carried out simple cognitive tasks

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GLASS AND SINGER reasons why noise is stressful
EXPOSED TO A…

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Recording to stimulate complex noises present in the urban environment

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GLASS AND SINGER reasons why noise is stressful
RECORDING DURATION

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Recording lasted for 25 minutes

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GLASS AND SINGER reasons why noise is stressful
3 ASPECTS MANIPULATED

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Volume, predictability and perceived control

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LUNDBERG overcrowding on commuter trains
COLLECTED

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Urine samples from male passengers

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LUNDBERG overcrowding on commuter trains
TRAIN JOURNEY

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Lasted for 72 minutes

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LUNDBERG overcrowding on commuter trains
RESULT

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

More crowded train meant higher levels of adrenaline in urine

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LUNDBERG overcrowding on commuter trains
START OF JOURNEY

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Passengers had lower adrenaline levels

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LUNDBERG overcrowding on commuter trains
REASON FOR RESULTS

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Passengers at beginning of journey got to choose seats- felt like they had control over the situation- lower adrenaline levels

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KENRICK+MACFARLANE temperature
AIM

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

How temperature outside impacts our mood + relation to stress

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KENRICK+MACFARLANE temperature
PARTICIPANTS

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

75 drivers (16-65) Arizona

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KENRICK+MACFARLANE temperature
TRAFFIC LIGHTS

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Turned green for 12 seconds+ confederate (actor) stays still

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KENRICK+MACFARLANE temperature
TEMPERATURE

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Ranged from 31-46°C

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KENRICK+MACFARLANE temperature
RESULTS

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Temperatures over 100°F (32°C)= 34% participants beeped for 6 seconds of green light interval

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ELLIS- Rational Emtoive Therapy (5 stages)
A

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Acting experience

Eg it feels TOO HOT outside

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ELLIS- Rational Emtoive Therapy (5 stages)
B

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Beliefs are irrational

Eg can’t-stand-it-itis, musterbating, awfulising

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ELLIS- Rational Emtoive Therapy (5 stages)
C

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Consequences

Eg acting irritable

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ELLIS- Rational Emtoive Therapy (5 stages)
D

Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Disputing

Therapist disagrees+neutralises patient’s beliefs

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ELLIS- Rational Emtoive Therapy (5 stages) E Environmental psychology topic 1- stressors in the environment

Effects of Therapy | Individual has a new set of beliefs

CZEISLER- rotating shift work schedules improved by applying circadian principles PARTICIPANTS Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

153 males at Potash production in USA (split into 2 groups)

CZEISLER- rotating shift work schedules improved by applying circadian principles ROTATING SHIFTS Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

85 workers- sometimes night, sometimes day shifts

CZEISLER- rotating shift work schedules improved by applying circadian principles FIXED SHIFTS Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

68 workers- always either day or night shifts

CZEISLER- rotating shift work schedules improved by applying circadian principles PREFERRED SCHEDULE Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

Preferred phase delay- later bedtime | 21-day schedule

CZEISLER- rotating shift work schedules improved by applying circadian principles THE 3 SHIFTS Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

Night shift: midnight-8am Swing shift: 4pm-midnight Day shift: 8am-4pm (ADVANCING SHIFTS)

SIFFRE- living underground LIVING Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

400 feet below the surface in a cave in French-Italian Alps

SIFFRE- living underground LIGHT Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

No light except for a light bulb

SIFFRE- living underground BODY ROUTINE Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

Body followed the daily sleep-wake routine

SIFFRE- living underground CYCLE Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

Same 24 hour+30 minute cycle

SIFFRE- living underground SUGGESTED Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

Internal body clock is dependent on natural terrestrial day/night cycle

PRECKEL- German high schools SAMPLE Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

272 students in 9th+10th grades at 5 German high schools

PRECKEL- German high schools QUESTIONNAIRE+TESTS Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

Given a chronotype questionnaire (lark-owl indicator)+ standardised cognitive test

PRECKEL- German high schools PARENTS Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

132 parents also filled out the questionnaire at home

PRECKEL- German high schools OWL Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

Significant negative predictor of overall GPA

PRECKEL- German high schools CONCLUSION Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

Offers evidence to support schools’ practice in choosing later starts to the day

PETER TRIPP- American disc jockey EXPERIMENT Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

He broadcasted his radio show non-stop and lasted for 201 hours

PETER TRIPP- American disc jockey OCCURANCES Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

Began to hallucinate 5 days in as his brain was in the 90 minute dream cycle

PETER TRIPP- American disc jockey BODY TEMPERATURE+SLEEP Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

Body temperature declined and he slept for 24 hours after

PETER TRIPP- American disc jockey GUILTY Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

Found guilty of taking money from record companies

PETER TRIPP- American disc jockey MARRIAGE Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

All 4 marriages ended in divorce

OVERCOMING EFFECTS OF SHIFT WORK OR JET LAG BODY TEMPERATURE Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

Lowest between 3am and 6am (circadian nadir)

OVERCOMING EFFECTS OF SHIFT WORK OR JET LAG DOCTOR ADVICE Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

Recommended night shift junior doctors take a short restorative nap

OVERCOMING EFFECTS OF SHIFT WORK OR JET LAG POWER NAP Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

20-45 minutes each night to reduce fatigue

OVERCOMING EFFECTS OF SHIFT WORK OR JET LAG RESULTS OF NURSES Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

Critical-care nurses saw 10/13 power nappers saw improved energy, mood etc

OVERCOMING EFFECTS OF SHIFT WORK OR JET LAG MELATONIN PILLS Environmental psychology topic 2- biological rhythms

Hormone in the circadian rhythm- controls (increases) tiredness, can be bought with no prescription

LORD- motivating recycling behaviour: quasi investigation of message+ source strategies SAMPLE Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

140 households in NE of US (20 people in each message group)

LORD- motivating recycling behaviour: quasi investigation of message+ source strategies QUOTA SAMPLING Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

Ensure they were representative of the area

LORD- motivating recycling behaviour: quasi investigation of message+ source strategies 3 RECYCLING MESSAGES Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

Positive (personal satisfaction) Negative (risk to environmernt) No message

LORD- motivating recycling behaviour: quasi investigation of message+ source strategies QUESTIONNAIRE Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

Gave the households a questionnaire about recycling, continued observing

LORD- motivating recycling behaviour: quasi investigation of message+ source strategies RESULTS Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

Significant increase in recycling, positive adverts changed recycling behaviours

THE YALE MODEL OF PERSUASION- 4 major factors in persuasive communication SOURCE Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

Message is more believable from a credible source

THE YALE MODEL OF PERSUASION- 4 major factors in persuasive communication MESSAGE Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

Well-educated audience will make a 2 sided argument more effective

THE YALE MODEL OF PERSUASION- 4 major factors in persuasive communication RECIPIENT Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

Resistant to change if committed to existing position, attitude changes= no strong views

THE YALE MODEL OF PERSUASION- 4 major factors in persuasive communication SITUATION Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

Messages are most effective when in informal situations

BEHAVIOURISM- operant conditioning+social learning theory PUNISHMENT Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

Discouraging behaviour

BEHAVIOURISM- operant conditioning+social learning theory REINFORCEMENT Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

Encouraging behaviour

BEHAVIOURISM- operant conditioning+social learning theory POSITIVE Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

Adding a stimulus

BEHAVIOURISM- operant conditioning+social learning theory NEGATIVE Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

Taking away a stimulus

BEHAVIOURISM- operant conditioning+social learning theory SLT Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

Observation and imitation

LUYBEN AND BAILEY- proximity Location Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

4 mobile home parks

LUYBEN AND BAILEY- proximity INCREASED? Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

Number of newspaper recycling facilities available

LUYBEN AND BAILEY- proximity RESULTS Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

Led to a 52% increase in the recycling of newspapers

CIALDINI- social norms AIM Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

Encourage 260 hotel guests to reuse towels by using persuasive messages in rooms

CIALDINI- social norms MESSAGE EXAMPLE Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

“Join your fellow citizens in helping to save the environment” Led to 41% re-using towels

CIALDINI- social norms CONCLUSION Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

Implied lots of people do it, therefore most effective

CIALDINI- social norms “PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT” Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

31% re-used towels

CIALDINI- social norms HOTEL GAIN/ BENEFITS Environmental psychology topic 3- recycling and other conservation behaviours

(Least successful) | 20% re-used towels

DREWS AND DOIG- evaluation of configural vital signs display for intensive care unit nurses AIM Environmental psychology topic 4- ergonomics: human factors

To come up with simpler data display, more difficult to miss information

DREWS AND DOIG- evaluation of configural vital signs display for intensive care unit nurses SAMPLE Environmental psychology topic 4- ergonomics: human factors

42 registered nurses with ICU (intensive care unit) experience 25-64 year olds, 69% female

DREWS AND DOIG- evaluation of configural vital signs display for intensive care unit nurses 4 PATIENT SCENARIOS Environmental psychology topic 4- ergonomics: human factors

Early sepsis Septic shock Pulmonary embolus Stable (Nurses gave a verbal evaluation using CVS display)

DREWS AND DOIG- evaluation of configural vital signs display for intensive care unit nurses RESULTS Environmental psychology topic 4- ergonomics: human factors

Nurses identified patient’s state 48% quicker with the CVS display

DREWS AND DOIG- evaluation of configural vital signs display for intensive care unit nurses CVS DETECTION Environmental psychology topic 4- ergonomics: human factors

CVS allowed detection of subtle changes quicker than traditional monitoring

BROWN AND POULTON- secondary task performance LOCATIONS Environmental psychology topic 4- ergonomics: human factors

Participants drove in either a residential area or a shopping centre car park

BROWN AND POULTON- secondary task performance TASK Environmental psychology topic 4- ergonomics: human factors

Number sequence was played and they had to identify the changed number each time

BROWN AND POULTON- secondary task performance RESULTS Environmental psychology topic 4- ergonomics: human factors

More errors made in the shopping centre car park- COGNITIVE OVERLOAD

BROWN AND POULTON- secondary task performance CONCLUSION Environmental psychology topic 4- ergonomics: human factors

Needed lots of attention when driving (primary task)

BROWN AND POULTON- secondary task performance FOCUS Environmental psychology topic 4- ergonomics: human factors

Drivers had less mental capacity to focus on the secondary/ less important task

HAWTHORNE- the Hawthorne studies LOCATION Environmental psychology topic 4- ergonomics: human factors

3 groups of women in the Hawthorne Plant Factory

HAWTHORNE- the Hawthorne studies AIM Environmental psychology topic 4- ergonomics: human factors

To see if lighting (bright or dim) increased/ decreased production

HAWTHORNE- the Hawthorne studies CONTROL GROUP Environmental psychology topic 4- ergonomics: human factors

Kept the lighting the same

HAWTHORNE- the Hawthorne studies RESULTS Environmental psychology topic 4- ergonomics: human factors

All 3 groups increased production by 30% (overall)

HAWTHORNE- the Hawthorne studies REASON FOR RESULTS Environmental psychology topic 4- ergonomics: human factors

Increased productivity when they knew they were being watched- The Hawthorne Effect

STONE- colour AIM Environmental psychology topic 4- ergonomics: human factors

Researched how a person’s ability to study is affected by the design of the room

Environmental Psychology Flashcards

(88 cards)