Mental Health Questions Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
What does SSRI stand for?
A
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
2
Q
What is the biochemical explanation of depression?
A
Low levels of serotonin in the nervous system
3
Q
What is the biochemical explanation of schizophrenia?
A
High levels of dopamine in the nervous system
4
Q
What was the sample of Gottesman’s 2010 study?
A
2.7 million people and parents
5
Q
What are the three historical views of mental illness?
A
- Animism
- Humourism
- Animalism
6
Q
What are the four humours?
A
- blood= sanguine (positivity/ optimism)
- phlegm= phlegmatic (cool/calm/relaxed)
- yellow bile= choleric (anger)
- black bile= melancholic (low mood)
7
Q
What are the three types of phobia?
A
- agoraphobia
- social phobia
- specific phobia (eg claustrophobia, arachnophobia)
8
Q
What are the three types of SOCIAL phobia?
A
- performance (public speaking)
- limited interaction (authority)
- generalised (agoraphobia)
9
Q
What are the four definitions of dysfunctional behaviour?
A
- statistical infrequency
- failure to function adequately
- deviation from social norms
- deviation from ideal mental health
10
Q
What is statistical Infrequency?
A
Common is normal, if everyone does it or not
11
Q
What is failure to function adequately?
A
Cannot function properly- eg keep a job or maintain a stable relationship
12
Q
What is deviation from social norms?
A
Each culture has its own norms, some people decide to rebel against them
13
Q
What is deviation from ideal mental health?
A
Not following anything ‘normal’ eg unable to process emotions ‘properly’
14
Q
How many disorders does the DSM-5 have?
A
300
15
Q
What are three ways of categorising mental disorders in the DSM-5?
A
- type of disorder
- lifespan order- childhood to adulthood
- internalising vs externalising symptoms
16
Q
How many categories of disorder are in the DSM-5?
A
22
17
Q
How many hospitals were used?
ROSENHAN
A
12
18
Q
What 3 words did the pseudo-patients report hearing?
ROSENHAN
A
- thud
- hollow
- empty
19
Q
How many pseudo-patients were used?
ROSENHAN
A
8
20
Q
How long were the pseudo-patients kept in the hospitals?
ROSENHAN
A
7-52 days, average of 19 days
21
Q
What were the pseudo-patients diagnosed with?
ROSENHAN
A
- with schizophrenia
- once with manic-depressive psychosis
22
Q
How many patients went for a diagnosis in three months in study 2?
ROSENHAN
A
193
23
Q
How many patients were thought to be pseudo-patients by a psychiatrist?
ROSENHAN
A
23
24
Q
How many patients were thought to be pseudo-patients by 2 members of staff?
ROSENHAN
A
41
25
Diagnostic criteria
| DSM-5
The time frame of showing symptoms before diagnosing
26
Prevalence
| DSM-5
The frequency of the issue within different age groups
27
Co-morbidity
| DSM-5
Which disorders are most likely to occur together
28
Gender related diagnostic issues
| DSM-5
Is the disorder likely to affect a particular gender over the other
29
What is Serotonin?
A neurotransmitter, a natural mood stabiliser, regulates mood, anxiety and happiness
30
Issue with biochemical explanation of depression
Cause+effect- unsure if depression is caused by lack of serotonin or serotonin production reduces due to depression
31
How to treat schizophrenia- biochemical explanation
Anti-psychotic drugs bind to dopamine receptors and block release of dopamine
32
Issue with biochemical explanation of schizophrenia
Unsure if schizophrenia is caused by excess of dopamine or if dopamine production increases due to schizophrenia
33
Identical twins outcome
| GOTTESMAN+SHIELDS 1976
One twin with schizophrenia, 58% of time other twin had schizophrenia too (called concordance rate)
34
non-identical twins concordance rate
| GOTTESMAN+SHIELDS 1976
12%
35
Patients with schizophrenia
BROWN
Brain abnormality as an explanation of schizophrenia
- brains 6% lighter
- enlarged ventricles
- (thinner parahippocampal corticles)
than people without schizophrenia
36
Patients with depression can have...
SHELINE 1995
Brain abnormality as an explanation of depression
- Smaller hippocampi than non- depressed people
| - And smaller hippocampal volume
37
What is the cause of a smaller hippocampi?
Brain abnormality as an explanation of schizophrenia
Caused by cortisol (a stress hormone) destroying hippocampal cells that are normally receptive to serotonin
38
How many couples were studied?
| GOTTESMAN 2010
1,278,977
39
Group A
| GOTTESMAN 2010
2 parents with either schizophrenia, depression or bipolar
40
Group B
| GOTTESMAN 2010
1 parent with schizophrenia, depression or bipolar
41
Group C
| GOTTESMAN 2010
Neither parent diagnosed with disorder
42
Group D
| GOTTESMAN 2010
‘General public’, no data about psychiatric illnesses
43
Results of schizophrenia
Group A (both parents)
GOTTESMAN 2010
27.3% of offspring diagnosed with schizophrenia
44
Results of schizophrenia
Group B (one parent)
GOTTESMAN 2010
7% of offspring diagnosed with schizophrenia
45
Results of schizophrenia
Group C (neither parent)
GOTTESMAN 2010
0.86% of offspring diagnosed with schizophrenia
46
Results of schizophrenia
Group D (general public)
GOTTESMAN 2010
1.12%
47
What does TMS stand for?
Brain stimulation
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
48
What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation?
Where an elctromagnetic coil is held against a person’s head
49
How does Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation work?
Small electrical currents stimulate nerve cells in the areas of the brain involved in mood and depression
50
What is behaviourism?
All people are born blank slates (‘tabula rasa’) and everything we learn comes from the environment
51
What are three types of behavioural learning?
- operant conditioning
- classical conditioning
- Social Learning Theory
52
An affective disorder
Depression
53
Anxiety disorder
Phobias
54
Psychotic disorder
Schizophrenia
55
How does the cognitive area explain behaviour?
Our behaviour is determined by internal mental processes (thoughts). Eg memory+attention
56
What is the cognitive explanation of mental illness?
The mental illness comes from irrational/ faulty thinking
57
What is the Negative Cognitive Triad?
| BECK
There are three main dysfunctional beliefs in people with depression which form a cognitive triad
58
What are the three main dysfunctional beliefs (Negative Cognitive Triad)
BECK
- i am worthless or flawed
- everything i do results in failure
- the future is hopeless
59
What does the Diathesis-Stress model of schizophrenia suggest?
That genes can create a predisposition for the disorder, but it only actually develops as a result of a stressor eg environment/trauma
60
What us a biological factor of Diathesis?
Brain abnormalities
61
What is a social factor of the Diathesis?
Chronic stress etc
62
What is a psychological factor of the Diathesis?
Unconscious conflicts etc
63
What is a biological trigger of Stress?
Exposure to toxins
64
What is a social trigger of Stress?
A traumatic event/ major loss
65
What is a psychological factor of Stress?
Violation of trust
66
Diathesis-Stress Model=?
Diathesis + Stress = Disorder
67
What are the faulty cognitions summarised into? (3 things)
| ELLIS
- i must be outstandingly competent, or i am worthless
- others must treat me considerately, or they are absolutely rotten
- the world should always give me happiness, or i will die
68
What do treatments based on the cognitive approach aim to do?
To change the way that negative thinkers think
69
What is self-actualisation?
| MASLOW
People trying to become the best person they can possibly be
70
What was Rogers’ ‘Actual Self’?
The way that you look at yourself (not necessarily the way others see you)
71
What is Self-Esteem determined by?
How closed you think your actual self is to your ideal self
72
What is Rogers’ Ideal Self?
The self-actualised BEST version of yourself
73
What can affect our view of ourselves (actual self)
| ROGERS
‘Conditions of worth’
74
What are ‘conditions of worth’?
| ROGERS
Made up rules that people (society/ friends/ parents) place on us- leads to feeling worthless
75
An example of ‘conditions of worth’?
| ROGERS
“Boys don’t cry”
76
What is Person Centred Therapy?
| ROGERS
Client is given unconditional positive regard, therapist listens and asks questions, NO ADVICE GIVEN
77
How does the cognitive area explain behaviour?
Our behaviour is determined by internal mental processes (thoughts). Eg memory+attention
78
What is the cognitive explanation of mental illness?
The mental illness comes from irrational/ faulty thinking
79
What is the Negative Cognitive Triad?
| BECK
There are three main dysfunctional beliefs in people with depression which form a cognitive triad
80
What are the three main dysfunctional beliefs (Negative Cognitive Triad)
BECK
- i am worthless or flawed
- everything i do results in failure
- the future is hopeless
81
What does the Diathesis-Stress model of schizophrenia suggest?
That genes can create a predisposition for the disorder, but it only actually develops as a result of a stressor eg environment/trauma
82
What us a biological factor of Diathesis?
Brain abnormalities
83
What is a social factor of the Diathesis?
Chronic stress etc
84
What is a psychological factor of the Diathesis?
Unconscious conflicts etc
85
What is a biological trigger of Stress?
Exposure to toxins
86
What is a social trigger of Stress?
A traumatic event/ major loss
87
What is a psychological factor of Stress?
Violation of trust
88
Diathesis-Stress Model=?
Diathesis + Stress = Disorder
89
What are the faulty cognitions summarised into? (3 things)
| ELLIS
- i must be outstandingly competent, or i am worthless
- others must treat me considerately, or they are absolutely rotten
- the world should always give me happiness, or i will die
90
What do treatments based on the cognitive approach aim to do?
To change the way that negative thinkers think
91
What is self-actualisation?
| MASLOW
People trying to become the best person they can possibly be
92
What was Rogers’ ‘Actual Self’?
The way that you look at yourself (not necessarily the way others see you)
93
What is Self-Esteem determined by?
How closed you think your actual self is to your ideal self
94
What is Rogers’ Ideal Self?
The self-actualised BEST version of yourself
95
What can affect our view of ourselves (actual self)
| ROGERS
‘Conditions of worth’
96
What are ‘conditions of worth’?
| ROGERS
Made up rules that people (society/ friends/ parents) place on us- leads to feeling worthless
97
An example of ‘conditions of worth’?
| ROGERS
“Boys don’t cry”
98
What is Person Centred Therapy?
| ROGERS
Client is given unconditional positive regard, therapist listens and asks questions, NO ADVICE GIVEN
