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Enzymes + Energy Carriers Flashcards

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1
Q

metabolism

A

the sun of all chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

solar energy

A

energy from the sun

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3
Q

cellular energy

A

energy stored in the bonds of biomolecules

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4
Q

enzymes : definition

A

Enzymes are catalysts made of protein, they speed up a reaction without being used up themselves in the reaction

Enzymes are biological catalysts

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5
Q

Enzyme structure

A
  • made of protein
  • 3D shape
  • folded
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6
Q

Substance enzyme acts on is a:

A

Substrate

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7
Q

Substance enzyme forms is a:

A

Product

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8
Q

Features of Enzymes

A
  • Enzymes are made of protein
  • Enzymes work because they have the correct shape to fit the substrate
  • Enzyme reactions are reversible
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9
Q

Catalyst : Definition

A

speeds up a reaction without being used up in the reaction

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10
Q

Catabolic Enzymes

A

Amylase
- Produced by the salivary glands in mouth and pancreas and convert starch to maltose
- When seeds germinate, the enzyme amylase converts starch in the seed to maltosez

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11
Q

Anabolic Enzymes

A
  • DNA polymerase is an enzyme found in both plants and animals that forms and repairs DNA.
    Converts simpler molecules into more complex ones
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12
Q

Anabolic: Definition

A

Join small molecules into large molecules (Eg:) Photosynthesis

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13
Q

Catabolic: Definition

A

Large molecules are broken down to small molecules (Eg:) Respiration

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14
Q

Factors affecting Enzyme Activity

A

Temperature
pH
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration

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15
Q

Activation energy

A

A chemical reaction needs a certain amount of energy for the reaction to happen
Enzymes lower the activation energy therefore reactions happen quicker

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16
Q

Denatured Enzyme: Definition

A

When the shape of the active site is altered/changed thus, rendering it impossible for the substrate to attach to the active site

Irreversible

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17
Q

Bio processing

A

is the use of enzyme-controlled reactions to produce a product

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18
Q

Bioreactor

A

a vessel or contain in which living cells or their products are used to make a producy

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19
Q

Temperature: Affect on enzymes

A

At low temps ice forms, liquids become solids and enzymes can’t work

As temperature increases molecules start to move and bump into each other cause the rate of reaction to increase.

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20
Q

Optimum temp: Human enzymes

A

37°C

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21
Q

Optimum temp: Plant enzymes

A

20°C - 25°C

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22
Q

Optimum Activity: Definition

A

This is when the enzyme works best or the rate of enzyme activity is at its highest

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23
Q

Temperature Experiment: Enzyme

A

Catalase (celery)

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24
Q

Temperature Experiment: Substrate

A

Hydrogen Peroxide
H2O2

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25
Temperature Experiment: Product
H2O (water) + O2 (oxygen)
26
Temperature Experiment: How to measure rate of enzyme activity?
Using washing up liquid to see the bubbles/foam per minute
27
pH Experiment: Enzyme
Catalase
28
pH Experiment: Substrate
Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2
29
pH Experiment: Product
H2O (water) + O2 (oxygen)
30
pH Experiment: How to measure rate of enzyme activity?
Washing up liquid and bubbles of oxygen after one min
31
Immobilised Enzyme Experiment: Preparing Enzyme
Add sodium alginate to water in beaker. Stir until smooth paste. Add yeast to water in second beaker. Stir. Dissolve calcium chloride in water in large beaker. Mix alginate and yeast. Add drops of mixture to the calcium chloride using a syringe. Run under tap water when ready to remove any yeast.
32
Immobilised Enzyme Experiment: Application of immobilised enzyme
Pour beads into a separating funnel. Use straw etc to prevent beads from blocking funnel. Add yeast to water and pour into second separating funnel (CONTROL). Dissolve sucrose in water and add to both separating funnels. Use CLINISTIX STRIPS to test for glucose
33
Benefits of immobilised enzyme
- They may be reused - They’re easy to separate from the product - The production process is cheaper than if free enzymes were used - They’re often more stable than natural enzyme
34
Methods of Immobilising enzymes
- Attached to each other - Attached to insoluble supports - Enclosed within a membrane or gel
35
Immobilised enzyme: Definition
enzymes that are attached, or fixed to each other or to an inert material
36
Uses of Immobilised Enzymes
Produce fructose (sweetener) from glucose. Convert Penicillin to different forms. Produce sweet-tasting sugars from lactose.
37
Temperature Enzyme Experiment: Method used to vary temperature
Water bath on hot plate Thermometer
38
pH Enzyme Experiment: Mehod used to vary pH
Different pH buffers Eg: 4, 9, 12
39
SUMMARY: to test effect of temperature on rate of enzyme activity
Mix blended celery (catalase), hydrogen peroxide, pH buffer 9 and washing up liquid Note volume of foam formed after two mins at different temperatures
40
SUMMARY: to test effect of pH on rate of enzyme activity
Mix blended celery (Catalase), hydrogen peroxide, pH buffer (???) and washing up liquid Note volume of foam formed after two mins at different pH values
41
SUMMARY: Sucrase is immobilised by:
Mixing yeast solution with sodium alginate solution Adding beads of the mixture to calcium chloride solution Rinsing hardened beads in sieve
42
SUMMARY: Application of immobilise enzyme is shown by:
Adding sucrose solution to immobilised yeast in a separating funnel Testing for the production of glucose Clinistix strips
43
Active Site: Definition
The part of an enzyme that combines with the substrate
44
Induced fit model:
Substrate causes active site to change shape slightly Enzyme and substrate for a temporary enzyme-substrate complex Substrate is altered Enzyme remains unchanged and active site returns to original shape
45
Enzyme Specificity: Definition
Means that each enzyme will react will one particular substrate
46
Optimum pH: Definition
The pH in which the enzyme works best at
47
Causes of Denaturation:
High temperatures pH values outside of optimum pH Some chemicals Radiation
48
ADP Name
Adenosine Diphosphate
49
ATP Name
Adenosine Triphosphate
50
Energy Carriers: Definition
carry energy in cellular reactions (metabolism)
51
Energy Carriers: Photosynthesis: Low Energy
ADP NADP
52
Energy Carriers: Photosynthesis: High energy
ATP NADPH
53
Energy Carriers: Respiration: Low energy
ADP NAD
54
Energy Carriers: Respiration: High energy
ATP NADH
55
ADP Makeup
Made of the base adenine, 5 carbon sugar called ribose and two phosphate groups Low energy molecule
56
ATP Makeup
Made of the base adenine, 5 carbon sugar called ribose and three phosphate groups High energy molecule due to third phosphate
57
Phosphorylation: Definition
Addition of phosphate
58
ADP + ENERGY + P = ATP + WATER
~~> ATP + WATER = ENERGY + P
59
ATP + WATER = ADP + ENERGY + P
~~> ADP + ENERGY + P = ATP + WATER
60
How is the energy in ATP released?
through the breaking of the bond of the third phosphte
61
What processes are ADP and ATP used in?
Respiration Photosynthesis
62
NADP+
low energy molecule
63
NADPH
High energy molecule used to form glucose in photosynthesis
64
When NADPH breaks down…
it released high energy electrons and hydrogen
65
NADPH = NADP+ + 2 ELECTRONS + H+
NADP+ + 2 ELECTRONS + H+ = NADPH
66
What process are NADP+ and NADPH used in?
Photosynthesis
67
NAD+
low energy
68
NADH
High energy
69
NAD into NADH how?
NAD+ can combine with two high energy electrons and a proton to form NADH which is very high in energy
70
What do NADH and NADPH provide for reactions in cells
electrons, protons and energy used by cells
71
Explain the role of ATP
ATP is the most widely distributed high energy compound within the organism and powers virtually every activity of the call and organism It is used to build complex molecules, contract muscles, generate electricity in nerves etc
72
Describe how ATP is formed from ADP + P
Charging ADP to form ATP is called phosphorylation In eukaryotes this can occur in special energy producing structures called mitochondria
73
Explain the role of NADP+ in trapping and transferring electrons and hydrogen ions in cell activities
NADP+ can combine with two high energy electrons and a proton to form NADPH NADPH is a very high energy molecule and this energy is used to form glucose in photosynthesis
74
yeast contains what enzyme
sucrase

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