Epi Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

Infectious

Answer 1

Infectious- disease caused by the invasion and multiplication of a living agent in/on a host

Answer 2

**Infestation**- invasion, but not multiplication of an organism in/on a host (fleas/ticks, sometimes parasites)

Answer 3

**_Contagious_-** disease transmissable from one human/animal to another **via direct** or airborne routes. **_Communicable_-** disease caused by an agent capable of transmission **by direct,** airborne, **or indirect routes** from an infected person, animal, plant or a contaminated inanimate reservoir.

Answer 4

Represent the number of new cases of disease, over time. _Can tell you:_ – Most probable source of the outbreak – If the pathogen is contagious – If the outbreak is ending – or will continue – Incubation period of the pathogen (sometimes) – About outliers (index case, source, early/late exposure)

Answer 5

Factors that help DETERMINE the probability, distribution, or severity of a disease in an animal or population of animals. Ex. Host susceptibility is one kind of determinant Why is it important? 1. Identifies animals at particular risk 2. Disease prevention 3. Aid to differential diagnosis 15

Answer 6

* **Primary** = a MAJOR contributing factor, MUST ALWAYS be there in order for disease to occur – AKA “necessary causes” * **Secondary** = factors that make the disease more or less LIKELY; predisposing or enabling factors

Answer 7

* **Intrinsic** = determinants that are internal to the animal (age, breed, sex, etc.) * **Extrinsic** = determinants that are external to the animal (housing, medical treatment, etc.)

Answer 8

1. “Demographics” 2. Macroclimate 3. Microclimate 4. Housing and crowding 5. Diet 6. Stress

Answer 9

* **Genetic diseases** are ENTIRELY determined by genotype * **Genetic susceptibilities** are PARTIALLY determined by genotype and partially by other factors

Answer 10

* The idea that infectious diseases can be contained if the population’s resistance to infection is high enough * – Does NOT protect individuals * – Some non-immune individuals will probably become infected… * – Many others will be protected, indirectly, by the immunity of their herd-mates * Can be applied to populations of people as well as populations of animals!

Answer 11

* All animals are exposed at once tot he same source of infection. * Not contagious * Incubation period varies- cna use the curve to determine the minimum, average and Max icubation time * Happens withine ONE inducbation period

Answer 12

Common Sourse Continuous Exposure

Answer 13

* Animals are exposed at different times * Exposed to the same source * Incubation period is NOT clearly shown * Vet should intervene

Answer 14

A situation in which all factors influencing disease are relatively stable, resulting in little fluctuation in disease incidence over time – New cases occur at a regular, usually low, level – Young individuals may enter the population – Old individuals die or are removed

Answer 15

Infectivity •Pathogenicity • Virulence • Immunogenicity • Mutation rate (change in infectivity, host, toxins, evasion) • Resistance (de novo, through mutation, or via lateral transfer from another organism)

Answer 16

Age • Sex & Behavior • Genotype • Breed • Nutrition • Immunity

Answer 17

DIET is extrinsic, a management issue, but that the body condition score of the animal and nutritional status are intrinsic!

Answer 18

Immunity to the pathogen may be due to inherited or acquired factors Giving a vaccine = extrinsic. The status of the body being immune = intrinsic.

Answer 19

* False study by Andrew Wakefield connected MMR vaccine to autism and enterocolitis. No body could repeat the results. * Measles require 80-90% herd immunity to prevent epidemic. * Reduced vaccination lead to spike in measles due to reduced herd/community immunity.

Answer 20

15 million (\>25%)

Answer 21

61% are zoonotic

Answer 22

At least 30 new diseases

Answer 23

True!! Not only developing countries are affected. Ie. FMD in europe, west-nile in US

Answer 24

Previously **unkown** disease that suddenly appears in a population -or- **Known** disease that suddenly appears in a new population (could be species, age, location etc) Ex. West Nile Virus

Answer 25

**Known** disease, previously on the decline, this is becoming morecommon and will likely continue to do so

Answer 26

Transbounding disease

Answer 27

Re-emerged in the UK (previous outbreak was in 1967) and spread rapidly throughout the country. To control it there was massive culling on 1/2 million cows, 3.5 million sheep and 146,000 pigs. As well as a quarantine of both people and animals. _Repercussions_: * Environemental effect of carcass disposal * Billions lost in repayment of farmers, control and HUGE economic/tourism losses * 62 farmers committed suicide * Stress, dispression and change in profession * Loss of valuable breeding lines

Answer 28

1. Pathogen **exclusive to an animal reservoir** 2. Animal reservoir **transmits** to humans/other animals, but **no transmission among them** (dead-end) 3. Animal reservoir transmits to humans/other animals with a **few cycles of transmission among them** 4. Animal reservoir transmits to humans/other animals with **sustained transmission** among them 5. Pathogen **exclusive to humans/new animal reservoir**

Answer 29

True 62.7% of pathogens have more than one host speceis Only 37.3% have only one known host Exception to the first stage of the 5 stages of cross-species disease emergence

Answer 30

* **Rabies** * Reservoirs are carnivores and chiroptera (bats) * Cattle and horses are dead end hosts * **WNV, EEEV, WEEV** * Reservoir: Birds * Humans, horses, and dogs are dead end hosts * **Influenza H5N1** * Reservoir: waterfowl and poultry * Humans are dead end hosts

Answer 31

* First outbreak: 1997, Hong Kong * A few human respiratory cases * Acquired directly from chickens due to culture * 1.2 million chickens culled and it sucessfully controlled it * Southeast Asia, 2004... * Widespread outbreak; not controlled, in spite of massive culling of domestic poultry * End of 2012 * Outbreaks continue to occur in chickens * 578 human cases have been reported since 2003, with a case fatality rate of 58% * Also jumped to other mammals, such as cats

Answer 32

* **Mycobacterium bovis** * Reservoir: cattle, bison, elk * Transmitted to people via respiratory route * Poor human to human transmission * **Nipah Virus** * Reservoir: fruit bats * Human to human transmission * Pig to pig transmission

Answer 33

**Nipah Virus** Stage 3 disease that emerged in Malasia in 1998 Reservoir was initially fruit bats that infected humans/animals through secretions when they fed on palm sap and fruit that later was ingested by another host. Causes severe disease in pigs and humans In pigs there was respiratory signs and very rapid spread that led to the culling of 1.1 million pigs (out of 2.4 million) 265 people become sick with encephalitis and 40% fatality rate and neurological sequelae Huge economic and cultural impact due to the important reliance of developing countries of their livestock.

Answer 34

* **SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome** * Reservoir: fruit bats * Efficient transmission in humans * **Schmallenberg virus** * Reservoir species: ? * Efficient transmission in sheep, goats and cattle * **2009 Influenza H1N1 “Swine Influenza” "Mexican Flu"** * Reservoir: swine * Very efficient transmission in humans- "pandemic"

Answer 35

* **HIV/AIDs** * Origin: non-human primates * **Measles** * Origin: cattle * **Smallpox** * Origin: likely camels (camelpox) * **Dengue fever** * Origin: Old world primates * **Yellow fever** * Origin: African primates

Answer 36

Drivers of Pathogen Emergence

Answer 37

True zoonotic pathogens are twice as likely to be associated with emerging disease

Answer 38

Viruses!!! especially RNA viruses

Answer 39

FALSE!!!!!!!! Pathogens that somehow cross between distantly related species often cause **very different**, often **MORE** severe, disease

Answer 40

FALSE- its the other way around Pathogens are **more likely to cross between _closely_ related species than _distant_ ones**

Answer 41

Due to **Intensive agriculture**: a lot of genetically similar hosts, managed under the same conditions, will have the same susceptibility More of the populations with **weakened immune systems:** elderly, HIV/AIDS, cancer patients and survivors, organ transplant recipients

Answer 42

Increasing abundance of the reservoir Increasing pathogen prevalence in the reservoir Increasing contact between the reservoir and the new host Ex. Racoons

Answer 43

* Animals/animal products * global illegal animal trade * importation of live animals, animal meat/products * Vectors * Fomites * People

Answer 44

(1) **Bioterrorism:** Anthrax in US 2001 (2) **Bio-Crimes:** Salmonella on the salad bar in OR (3) **Agroterrorism:** Foot and Mouth Disease??? Veterinarians should have situational awareness for these things at all times.

Answer 45

“A serious **disruption of the functioning of a community or a society** involving **widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses** and impacts, which e**xceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope** using its own resources" A disaster is the result of a vast **ecological breakdown in the relationship between humans and their environment**, a serious and sudden event (or slow as in a drought) on such a scale that the **stricken community needs extraordinary efforts to cope with it, often with outside help.”**

Answer 46

**Bioterrorism:** the **deliberate release** of viruses, bacteria, toxins, or other harmful agents used to **cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants.**

Answer 47

**_Agroterrorism:_** the malicious **attempt to disrupt or destroy the agricultural industry and/or food supply system** of a population through the **malicious use of plant or animal pathogens** to cause devastating disease in the **agricultural sectors**

Answer 48

Mitigation Preparedness Response Recovery

Answer 49

Reduces loss enhances response priotitizes needs improves communication maintains essential function develops parternships

Answer 50

increased chaos decreased trust in authorities increased recovery time No planning= no funding

Answer 51

Mitigation: Attempt to **prevent** hazards from developing into disasters -OR- **reduces the effects** of disasters Focuses on **long-term measures** Can be part of recovery, structural or non-structural/procedural changes) Ie. dams, preventing development in flood planes

Answer 52

Plans and preparations made to save lives and property, and to facilitate response operations. Provisions to ensure that all the resources/services needed to cope with a disaster can be rapidly mobilized and deployed. _Examples of Vet Preparedness:_ Evacuation plans, escape routes, adequate leashes and carriers for evacuation, animal transport, off-site animal shelter, alternative food/water, identification of animals, employee family plan, inventory of hazardous materials, adequately insured

Answer 53

Actions taken to **provide emergency assistance**, save lives, minimize property damage, and **speed recovery.** _Includes_: Static and mobile vet clinics Search and rescue operations Provision of emergency food/water Temporary shelters

Answer 54

Actions taken to return to a normal or improved operating condition following a disaster _Includes_ Reconstructing physical structures Restoring emotional, social, economic, and physical wellbeing May include continued veterinary care

Answer 55

 Failure of people to evacuate because of their pets  Animal abandonment  Logistics of care and sheltering of animalsequipment, space, behavior concerns  Animal identification  Reuniting displaced animals with their owners  Adoption Now there is a service act in place to provide shelter for companion animals

Answer 56

* Veterinary manpower * Carcass disposal from mass casualties * Animal identification and premise ID * Time from diagnosis to slaughter * Indemnity/insurance payments * Policy issues (vaccination vs. stamping out) * Environmental contamination (surface/groundwater and atmospheric pollution from carcass disposal)

Answer 57

They are one of the most trusted members of the community Source of public education Trained in herd health, food safety, environemntal and toxicology medicine First point of detection/surveillance First responders

Answer 58

**CART- County Animal Response Team** Intended for use by local government and agencies to take **immediate action** in providing a means of care to minimize animal suffering in the event of a large scale disaster Rapid response – local! Utilizes **local resources** **Established relationships with local agencies** Familiarity with territory and special considerations (special populations/features)

Answer 59

**SART- State Animal Response Team** - -Interagency organizations dedicated to preparing, planning, responding, and recovering during animal emergencies - -**Public private partnership**, joining governmental agencies with private goals - -Train to facilitate a safe and efficient response to disasters on the local, county, state and federal level

Answer 60

**VMAT** - under AVMA- have early assessment, Basic treatment and training **NVRT**- under Dept. of Health- "big deal to apply" **NAHERC-** under USDA-things that effect animals **US Public Health Service** - one of seven uniformed services- full time job **\*\*\*Must be requested \*\*\***

Answer 61

**NRF- National Response Framework** \*establishes a comprehensive, national, **all-hazards** approach to domestic incident response. Under homeland security. * Lists all levels of government (local, tribal, state, and federal), private sector, and nongovernmental organizations in a unified approach to emergency management * Builds on the National Incident Management System (NIMS) with its flexible, scalable, and adaptable coordinating structures * Aligns key roles and responsibilities across jurisdictions * Always in effect-can be partially of fully implemented * Best practices and procedures

Answer 62

**NIMS- National Incident Management System** * Homeland Security Presidential Directive -5 * Core set of concepts, principles, and terminology for incident command and multiagency coordination * Mandates the use of the Incident Command System * Includes (1) Incident Command System (2) Multi-agency coordination system (3) Public information system

Answer 63

**ICS- incident command systems** * Standardized, on-scene, all-hazard, incident management * Uses standard terminology * Modular, flexible, and adaptable can collapse or expand to adjust to incident size/complexity * Multiple agency cooperation * (1) efficient and effective management * (2) multiple sites or jurisdictions * Top-down structure: * ·only positions that are necessary will be filled * ·each element will have a person in charge - with usually 1:5 ration (sometimes 1:3 or 1:7) * 5 Management Functions: * Incident command ·Logistics ·Operations- veterinarians primarily ·Planning- veterinarians ·Finance and administration

Answer 64

* *·Operations-** veterinarians primarily * *·Planning-** veterinarians

Answer 65

**Incidents:** * Fire, both structural and wildland * Natural disasters * Human and animal disease outbreak * Search and rescue missions * Hazmat incidents * Criminal acts and crime scene investigation * Terrorist incidents, including WMDs * National special security events (Presidential visits or the Super Bowl) * Other planned events (parades/demonstrations)

Answer 66

Risk=A probability or threat of damage, injury, liability, loss, or any other negative occurrence that is caused by external or internal vulnerabilities, and that may be avoided through preemptive action Risk = Probability X Severity Risk = Hazard + Outrage

Answer 67

**Risk = Probability X Severity** **Risk = Hazard + Outrage**

Answer 68

Combination of thought and emotion Thinking (logic) focuses on the hazard and the probability it will occur * **Hazard**-something that can go wrong * **Probability**-likelihood of it happening Feeling involves fear, anger, or other emotions that are evoked when considering potential consequences and value of what may be lost * **Consequences**-implications of the hazard * **Value**-subjective evaluation of the importance of what may be lost **Acceptance \>\> Fear \>\> Denile \>\> Panic**

Answer 69

Public health activities to ensure that messages and strategies designed to prevent exposure, adverse human health effects, and diminished quality of life are effectively communicated to the public Most often used to describe an organization facing a crisis and the need to communicate about that crisis to stakeholders and the public (two way communication) Who says what and when, to whom, through what channels, with what effect

Answer 70

1. _When the hazard is high and outrage is low:_ * ·task = *precaution advocacy* * alerting insufficiently upset people to serious risk ·“Watch out!” 2. _When hazard is low and outrage is high_: · * task=*outrage management* * reassuring excessively upset people about small risks · * “Calm down!” 3. _When the hazard is high and outrage is also high_**:** · * task= *crisis communication* * helping appropriately upset people cope with serious risks · * “We’ll get through this together” 4. _When hazard and outrage are both intermediate_: * sweet spot * dialoging with interested people about a significant but not urgent risk ·“And what do you think?”

Answer 71

**Pre-crisis -\> initial -\> Maintenance -\> Resolution -\> Evalulation** **Pre-crisis**= be prepared, foster alliance, test messages Initial= acknowledge event with **empathy**, inform the public in simple terms, establish spokespersion credibility, provide emergency courses of action, Commit to maintain communication. **Maintenance**= Help public more accurately understand its own risks •Provide background and encompassing information to those who need it •Gain understanding and support for response and recovery plans •Listen to stakeholders and audience feedback, and correct misinformation •Explain emergency recommendations •Empower risk/benefit decision-making **Resolution** =Improve appropriate public response in future similar emergencies through education •Honestly examine problems and mishaps, and then reinforce what worked in the response and recovery efforts •Persuade the public to support policy and resource allocation to the problem •Promote the activities and capabilities of the agency **Evaluation** =Evaluate communication plan and performance •Document lessons learned •Determine specific actions to improve crisis systems or in the crisis plan

Answer 72

* 1) Risk and communication is an on-going process * 2) Conduct pre-event planning and preparedness activities (5 P's) * 3) Foster partnerships with public-accept and involve as partners * 4) Collaborate and coordinate with credible sources * 5) Meet the needs of the media and remain accessible * 6) Listen to the public’s concerns and understand your audience * 7) Communicate clearly with compassion, concern, and empathy (within 30 seconds) * 8) Demonstrate honesty, candor, and openness * 9) Treat emotions as legitimate * 10) Accept uncertainty and ambiguity - say you dont know, but are working on it. * 11) Give people meaningful actions to do (build self-efficacy)

Answer 73

The most important fact about risk communication is the incredibly low correlation between a risk’s “hazard” (how much harm it’s likely to do) and its “outrage” (how upset it’s likely to make people)

Answer 74

It is automatic  It comes early  It is temporary (brain takes over)  It is a small over-reaction  It may need guidance  It is slow to extinguish  Easily re-established  Contagious

Answer 75

we legitimize the fear ·we take actions to address fear ·we make decisions to act from a given range of options

Answer 76

**_Trust is:_ ·slowly acquired ·readily extinguished ·difficult to re-establish**

Answer 77

 Public interest in health, safety, and environmental issues, and media coverage of them  The demand for information generated by public concern about risks from the past, present, and future activities  The number and reach of right-to-know laws relating to exposures to risk agents  Mistrust in risk management authorities and public demands for the right to participate as a full partner  Awareness by gov’t and industry that risk controversies often threaten the achievement of their organizational goals  Awareness by all sides that the public’s response to a risk can be amplified or attenuated by those who wish to manipulate it

Answer 78

Demands for unneeded treatment Disorganized group behavior (looting/stealing) Bribery/fraud Increased tobacco and alcohol use Increased multiple unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS)

Answer 79

**(1) _Withholding information_:** not divulging information about a potentially zoonotic disease that has been identified in animals in the area -**with the intent to prevent panic**- may actually lead to panic down the road if people become ill and discover that the disease had been found in animals months earlier **(2) _Over-assurance of audience_**: telling a client that there is no risk of disease in their animals if the animals are vaccinated- **to lessen their fear** -may lead to greater fear/panic if the animals later become ill

Answer 80

OIE= World Organization of Animal Health For internationally reportable animal diseases Associated with trade barriers b/w free and diseased countries Membership countries MUST report diseases within 24 hours

Answer 81

Surveillance for foreign disease introduction. Surveilance and eradication for USA diseases Makes list of OIE-reportable diseases that are not found in the USA as notifiable FAD= foreign animals disease (48 for USA) Regulates all animal imports/exports Every state has a USDA vet (AVIC) that investigates FAD Use two reporting/monitoring systems = NAHRS and NAHMS

Answer 82

Area Veterinarian in Charge USDA vet assigned to the state. Monitors movement b/w states and countries Manages animal disease control programs Investigates possible FAD Investigates animal cruelty cases Provides guidence to vets

Answer 83

Make their own list of notifiable diseases that vary by state you must report these diseases to your state veterinarian

Answer 84

Critical for animal disease detection Provide vaccination and testing Perform exams and complete health certificated for animal movement (if USDA accredited)

Answer 85

When you suspect it! (Acceptable time-line depends on the consequence of the disease) When you tell them, a vet with special FAD training will come in to examine animal and test it at the USDA lab.

Answer 86

Biosecurity Mass culling Ring Vaccination Treatment

Answer 87

* Know the signs of FAD's and other reportable diseases * Know proper procedured for vaccinating and testing animals * To know how to fill out legal forms for these activities * Know who, when and how to report diseases * Perform Health certificate for animal travel * Perform activites related to regulatory diseases (Bo TB test, EIA test, Brucellosis test and vaccine, rabies vaccination)

Answer 88

Companion animals (dogs, cats, lab animals. non-human primates, rabbits, ferret, mink, gopher, amphibian, reptile, native non-ruminant wildlife, and marine animals) (Excludes :"food and fiber" species, horses, birds, farm-raised aquatic animals, zoo animals that transmit disease to livestock) requires 3 units of training every 3 years

Answer 89

ALL ANIMALS!! Requires 6 units of training every 3 years.

Answer 90

– Infectious diseases that people get from animals, either directly or indirectly – Animals are the ultimate reservoir for the disease! It is very important, it can infect anyone, anywhere (except the arctic ~ maybe?), its very diverse, it happens many ways and vets are responsible for protecting the public/employees/themselves.

Answer 91

ALOT! Both in human health (life and productivity) and economically (for treatment, prevention, control, loss of trade/tourism)

Answer 92

* Surveillance * – Animals are sentinels * Prevention and Control * – Minimizing animal reservoirs * – Educating owners * Occupational safety * – Protecting yourself and your staff from daily exposure to zoonotic diseases!

Answer 93

Influenza Yellow fever Herpesvirus B West Nile virus Hendra Rift Valley fever Hantaviruses Rabies Equine encephalitides Nipah Ebola Monkeypox Colorado tick fever **ANY MANY MORE!!!!**

Answer 94

Yersiniosis Listeriosis Tularemia Leptospirosis Salmonellosis Bartonellosis Relapsing fevers Campylobacteriosis Q fever Brucellosis Psittacosis Anthrax Plaque Lyme Disease

Answer 95

Dermatophytoses Cryptococcosis Histoplasmosis Blastomycosis Coccidiodomycosis

Answer 96

And these..

Answer 97

and these..

Answer 98

**Systematic continuous observation** of populations, and collection and analysis of data from many varied sources FOR: **Rapid detection** and **timely, appropriate response** to important health events AND: **Production and communication of valid information** about the health and disease status of the population

Answer 99

Maintain and improve: animal health/welfare and economic viability of animal production Protection of public health from zoonotic and foodborne diseases

Answer 100

1. Rapid detection of disease outbreaks * early detection of endemic, foreign and emerging diseases prevents losses and cost (both direct and indirect) 2. Support Dz control/eradication * Situation intelligence and identification of infected farms during an out breeak * identify infected farms for control eradication programs 3. Assess population health and safety of food * OIE membership essential for trade * OIE requires surveillance, vet services, diagnostic labs, and legislation to facilitate disease control. It is necessary to report suspected diseases. * Risk status: Negligible, controlled, undetermined 4. Produce information about disease - distribution, risk factors * Sets research priorities, emergency preparedness, control programs and management of disease 5. Evaluate disease control/biosecurity programs * detects failure of biosecurity and border security

Answer 101

Must have all three to be considered surveillance (EXAM QUESTION) 1. **Detection** - collection and interpretion of data from a population. Goal is to be timely and ID important disease events, ID changes in health status and ID changes in risk factors for disease in the population. 2. **Response** - must be immediate, timely and appropriate to minimize impact and minimine the cost of response 3. **Communication**

Answer 102

1. **Animal Health Surveillance** – Surveillance of animals for diseases of importance to animals and people 2. **Public Health Surveillance** – Surveillance of people for human diseases 3. **Biosurveillance** – Surveillance of humans, animals and plants for diseases affecting any or all of them 4. **Food Safety Surveillance** – Surveillance of food production chains and people for food safety risks and foodborne disease

Answer 103

Submission is initiated by and at the discretion of the sample/data provider with little/no control over who provides samples/data MOST COMMON type of surveillance Ex, Reportable disease programs (although manditory, it is still up to their discretion) Ex. Sero-survey at aution markets or slaughter plants (not random, only subset of populations) Ex. Diagnostic lab submission- it is up to the owner/vet to descide if they want to test

Answer 104

Type of passive surveillance non-specific (based on symptoms) but very fast Ontained by emergency/doctor records, sales of pharmaceuticals and absentees from school/public service

Answer 105

_Pros_: • Reportable disease programs provide **continuous** surveillance – Great for **early detection** of important, obvious, easy to diagnose diseases • Laboratory surveillance can detect emerging diseases • **Inexpensive** _Cons_: • **Little contro**l over who provides data/samples **• Not a representative** sample of the population • **Won’t work for less valued animals** that don’t use veterinary services • If disease is stigmatized **farmers won’t report**

Answer 106

Involves the **committed effort** of the veterinary/health authority to identify subjects for data or samples * They initiate the sample/data collection by identifying the surveillance subjects and initiate sample/info collection * They call, visit, etc., the sample/data providers and actively seek out cases of disease or data

Answer 107

_Pros_ * Can be representative of the population– Can make valid estimates of the amount of disease and importance of disease in the population * – Requires being able to identify all individuals in the population _Cons_ * Very expensive, labor intensive * Usually done once or intermittently * _Not_ good for early detection of disease outbreaks, or emerging diseases * Sometimes may not be representative of the population * If you can’t identify all individuals in the population you can’t get a representative sample

Answer 108

A small group is monitored as an indicator of the greater population health or disease risk (A site, a group, even a different species) * Eg. sentinel farms, veterinary practices, physicians * Eg. **chickens** act as sentinels for estimating the risk to human populations from **EEE/WEE** * Eg. **horses, wild birds, and mosquitos** act as sentinels for the risk to human populations from **WNV**

Answer 109

_Pros_ • Less expensive than monitoring the whole population • Often the only method available • Allows intensive, multiple testing…early warning _Cons_- May not be representative of the population

Answer 110

Targets a specific segment of the population to enhance detection of disease _Eg_. Targeting downer cattle for BSE testing _Pros_ – Enhance efficiency, reduce cost _Cons_– May not be representative of the population

Answer 111

1. **Primary Prevention**- aimed at maintaining a healthy population and preventing disease. Includes: Vaccines, border security, meat hygien, inspection, HACCP, & removing specific risks. 2. **Seconday Prevention**- minimizes damage after disease has occurred. Includes: screening for cancer, annual PE, test and slaughter. 3. **Tertiary Prevention**- rehabilitation after primary and secondary prevention have failed in order to reduce complications, slow down progression and reduce severity of symptoms. Applies mostly to the individual to maintain the best quality of life possible.

Answer 112

_Eradication_: final step in disease control efforts; it consists of complete elimination of the disease-‐producing agent from a defined geographic region. **Total eradication** – Disease agent has been completely removed from the area of concern * e.g. smallpox **Practical eradication** – Elimination of organism from the reservoirs of importance to humans or their domestic animals, as opposed to total eradication * e.g. eradication of canine rabies in the USA (still present in raccoons, skunks, bats, foxes)

Answer 113

1. **Reservoir Neutralization -** * removing infected individuals (slaughter and mass therapy) * rendering infected individuals non-shedders * Manipulating environment (parasite and vector control) 1. **Reducing contact potential** (between infected and susceptible) * Isolation or treatment of cases (not ideal when non-symptomatic sheddders) * Quarantine * Population control/reduction 1. **Increasing host resistance** * Genetic selection and good welfare (Ndama and west african short horns are trypanotolerant) * Chemoprophylaxis * Vaccination

Answer 114

**1. Animal Health Law and Regulations** * International- WTO/SPS/OIE - **Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement (SPS)** * National- Animal Health Act & Quarantine laws * State level **2. Disease Control Management Agency** * USDA-APHIS * State animal health authorities- deliver federal programs and control state and inter-state inspections/disease issues **3. Veterinary/Inspection Services** * USDA-APHIS Veterinary Services (250 total vets) **4. Laboratory Services** * Ames, Iowa * Plum Island * National Animal Health Lab Network **5. Surveillance, Information, Education, Communication and Training** * CEAH- Center for Epi and Animal Health- Colorado * National Center for Ani Health Emergency Management and Animal Health Programs - Maryland

Answer 115

Bacillus anthracis Yersinia pestis Francisella tularensis These all have **MULTIPLE routes of infection**. Their aerosol potential makes them “**bioweapons**” but veterinary risks are more diverse and include necropsy and treatment of animals. They are also environmentally stable

Answer 116

_Animals Affected_: – Humans – **Domestic cats** **--**sheep _Wildlife are the primary, long-‐term, reservoi_r – **Rodents and lagomorphs (“rabbit fever”)** _Transmittion_ – Sheep: usually **tick-‐borne** – Cats: usually from **eating infected rodents** – People: most often **ticks or direct contact with animals/carcasses; aeroso**l exposure less common

Answer 117

_Animals Affected_ * **Primary Cycle**: rodent-flea-rodent * Hosts include: squirrels, prairie dogs, mice, wood rats, chipmunks, rats, mice * 31 species of flea are competent vectors • Xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea) is #1 * **CATS-** susceptible and act as a bridge to infect humans * exposed by hunting rodents * Coyotes/Dogs are seroconverted but rarely ill * **People-** infected via (1) flea bite (2) aerosol from pneumonic cases (3) infected animal blood or abcesses

Answer 118

Exposed by hunting infected rodents and aerosol (if pulmonary envolvement) Localized infection (black eschar) followed by **sepsis + pneumonia** **Lymphadenopathy / Buboes of cervical region** Fever, lethargy, anorexia, sepsis

Answer 119

– **plague eschars** – High fever and **high case fatality** rate are seen in **septic/ pneumonic cases** • **Circulatory collapse** with blackened extremities Risk reduction when treating affected cats! – Lymph node aspirates are highly infectious. Use PPE

Answer 120

Spore-forming bacteria **in the SOIL** Impossible to erradicate due to long survival in soil **Affects most mammals - ALL by inhilation** **Cattle** are most common in vet med (ingest spores or inhale) Common to have outbreaks after heavy rainfall, seasonal _CS:_ necrotic eschar, atypical pneumonia, exotoxins --\> edema, shock. Death following DIC _Post- mortem signs_: 1. Blood not clotted 2. Spores in blood on microscopy 3. Rapid bloating 4. Lack of rigor mortis 5. Blood from orifices

Answer 121

* *1. Blood not clotted** 2. Spores in blood on microscopy * *3. Rapid bloating 4. Lack of rigor mortis** 5. Blood from orifices Carcass: NO necropsy (will cause spore formation)**, BURN IT**!!

Answer 122

Bunyaviridae (ssRNA virus) Limited to a **specific reservoir host and geographical region** **rodents are reservoirs** - both sylvantic\*\* and pet- usually asymptomatic **AEROSOL TRANSMISSION** (primary transmisson)- of urine or feces Bite = secondary transmission Risk factors: contact with rodents _2 syndromes_: * **Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)** – “**new world**” disease = USA strains – Starts as fever, chills, myalgia, headache --\> Increased vascular permeability in the lungs – **Fatal in up to 40% of human case**s * **Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS)** – The “**old world”** disease – Petechial hemorrhage, renal damage, and **cardiovascular shock** = **fatal in up to 15% of cases**

Answer 123

**_Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS)_** – “**new** world” disease = **USA** strains – Starts as fever, chills, myalgia, headache --\> Increased vascular permeability in the lungs – Fatal in up to **40%** of human cases **_Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS)_** – The “**old** world” disease – Petechial hemorrhage, renal damage, and cardiovascular shock = fatal in up to **15%** of cases

Answer 124

Saprophytic soil fungi **Blastomyces dermatitidis**- soil fungus. affects people (50% asymptomatic), dogs, cats, horses etc. **Coccidiodes immitis** - soil is the reservoirs

Answer 125

**Histoplasma**- birds (pigeons, chickens) & bats. People/dogs/cats are 90% asymptomatic ## Footnote **Cryptococcus**

Answer 126

**True!!** people, dogs and cats body **temperatures are too high** for sporulation of these fungi. BUT if body cools during post-mortem, they can become infectious

Answer 127

birds and swine

Answer 128

* **_Humans_**- flu like. complications/death if immunocompromised * **_Avians_**- _LP=_ repro and pulmonary signs _HP=_ high mortality, **sudden death** **** * **_Swine_-** high morbidity (100%= pulmonar & repro signs) and low morality.

Answer 129

FALSE not approves, fear of resistance

Answer 130

_Agent_: **Coxiella burnetti** _Host_: **sheep, cattle, goats**, birds, dogs, cats, humans _Transmission_: **airborne** in dust, **birth product** (**sheep\*\*** and cats), milk (why we pasturize milk), feces, urine, **tick borne** (mainly animal to animal) _Human CS_: flu like _Ruminant CS_: **ABORTION** , anorexia _Control_: PPE, vaccinate livestock, biosecurity

Answer 131

Q- FEVER- Coxiella burnetti

Answer 132

_Agent_: ***Chlamydophilia psitacci*** (birds mostly, psittacine \>domestic ) _2 forms_: infectious **elementary body** (very stable) & **reticulate body** (non-infectious, not stable) _CS HUMANS_: flu like --\> complications ( hepatitis, endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis, nephritis) * exposed by direct handing of infected birds _CS_ _ANIMALS_: morbidity & mortality in psittacine birds * exposed by fecal-oral * SHOULD ALWAYS CONSIDER in sick birds with **lethargy, non-specific signs, especially if stressed** *

Answer 133

_Transmission_: 1. Ingestion of bradyzoites in **undercooked meat (+++ pork)** 2. Ingestion of **oocytes in cat feces/soil-** cleaning litter box, gardening, sand boxes, unwashed vegetables * takes 1-5 days to be come infectious (sporulate) * cats (+++ kittens, asymptomatic) usually only shed oocytes for 1-3 weeks 3. **Vertical Transmission -** increases as pregnancy continues (most likely in 3rd trimester), but CS are more severe if infected early on in pregnancy (1st trimester) _Prevention_: * clean litter box everyday with PPE, have someone else clean it if pregnant * cook meat or freeze meat \>5 days * hygeine when working with soil, sand or cats * wash and cook vegetables * avoid getting a new kitten when pegnant * CANNOT control the disease in cats, it is too common * pregnanct/expecting women can get serological testing for antibodies to determine if previously exposed * there is ALWAYS a risk of exposure.... _Disease_: * asymtomatic in immunocompenent adults and children * Problems in immunocompromised (AIDs) and during pregnancy (tachyzoites get out of control) * Babies of mothers exposed during pregnancy have varying degrees of neurological sign. CS severity is high the earlier in pregnancy the mother is infected

Answer 134

Visceral/Cutaneous/Ocular/Neurological LarvalMigrans (= the migrating larvae in a paratenic host) _Risk factors_: children 1-4 y/o, pica and geophagia (20-40% of soil/sand in parks is contaminated), exposure to puppies and kittens. _Disease_: asymptomatic (almost 100% of humans are seropositive) rare, but severe, ocular and neurologic diseases

Answer 135

Emerging **roundwrom of racoons** that causes **severe ocular and neurological migrans in children** (rare, but increasing due to close association with racoons). **Dogs** and many other animals act as alternative definitive and intermediate hosts. Racoons **shed eggs in high numbers and it has a LOW infection dose** (bioterrorism?)

Answer 136

Taenia saginata & Taenia solium (Beef and Pork Tapeworm) Diphyllobothrium (fish tapeworm) Diphylidium caninum (rare- dog tapeworm)

Answer 137

*Echinococcus granulosus Echinococcus multilocularis Taenia solium* (Cysticercosis) Have cyst development in the liver, lungs, brian etc.

Answer 138

**Hydatid cyst disease** - individual large, fluid filled cyst in the liver, lungs and possibly the brain. Takes 10-20 years to produce clinical symptoms Humans= intermediate/aberrant host _Transmission_: ingestion of larvated **eggs** _Reservoir_: **canids** (dogs and wolves). sylvantic cycle b/w wolves and moose (does not affect humans) _Prevention_: avoid fecal material (dog, soil), regular treatment of dogs with praziquantel, stray dog control, prevent dogs from eating offal (especially of sheep), hygeine, education _Distribution_: **sporadic in US** (cali, native americans), endemic in canada (sylvantic cycle)

Answer 139

**Alveolar Cyst Disease** - small, multifocal, solid cysts in intermediate host (humans). Commonly develop in liver with secondary metastasis to lungs (infiltrative, destructive). Clinical signs occur in ~10 years. Rare, but high fatality rate if untreated. _Transmission_: ingestion of larvated **egg** _Reservoirs_: natural cycle is b/w **foxes and rodents. Cats and dogs** can act as hosts _Prevention_: bi-anual treatment of dogs, treatment of foxes, reduce dog/cat exposure to rodents, education, stray dog control _Distribution_: USA = endemic in wild lifem but _not_ humans. **CHINA- very common**. Europe= uncommon, sporadic, re-emerging

Answer 140

USDA prohibited import disease Acute, highly infectious viral disease of **cattle (indicator), pigs (amplifier), sheep/goats (maintenance),** wild cloven foot animals (Cape Buffalo). Vesicular eruption on the mouth and feet (coronary band) _CS: pigs \> cattle \> sheep/goats_ * pigs - painful, lameness, snout & oral vesicles * cattle- oral lesions, excessive salivation, nasal discharge, loss of BCS, teat lesions (decrease milk production), hoof lesions --\> lameness. * sheep/goats- mild, fever, lameness, oral lesion. Difficult to diagnose

Answer 141

\*\* important to know\*\*

Answer 142

Disease of **ruminants, esp. cattle,** caused by a **paramyxovirus** Characterized by fever, dysentery, inflammation of the mucous membranes; very high mortality (within 6-12 days), constipation --\> hemorrhagic diarrhea, nasal/ocular discharge, necrosis/erosion of oral mucosa (picture), enlarge lymph nodes **Single strain/one vaccine/lifetime immunity** Spread almost exclusively by contact between infected and susceptible animals. **Eradicated world-wide!!!**

Answer 143

Highly infectious, often fatal disease of swine caused by a **flavivirus (genus Pestivirus)** _CS_: **fever (105 F)**, loss of appetite, weakness, **huddling,** conjunctivitis, diarrhea, staggering, **cyanosis, erythematous lesions** especially in light-skinned animals, **skin hemorrhages** and severe **leukopenia** Low pathogenicity isolates in Americas Single strain/one vaccine/lifetime immunity - Spread almost exclusively by contact between infected and susceptible animals.

Answer 144

An **acute highly contagious usually fatal disease of swine t**hat is caused by a **dsDNA** virus (genus Asfivirus, family **Asfarviridae**), that resembles but is m**ore severe than CSF**, and that is i**ndigenous to Africa** Reservoirs warthogs, other suidae Multiple strains, types; no cross-protection. No vaccine – possible disease enhancement with KV vaccines Incubation period \<5-19 days _CS_: High fever Moderate anorexia **Erythema, cyanosis** Recumbency Bloody diarrhea **Abortion** Death

Answer 145

No vaccines Single-stranded icosahedral RNA virus; family **Picornaviridae** Antigenically related to the human coxsackievirus B5 but unrelated to other known porcine enteroviruses **HIGHLY RESISTANT IN ENVIRONMENT**: Can survive for long periods in the environment; resistant to heat up to 157F (69C) and pH from 2.5 to 12; can survive up to 2 years in dried, salted, or smoked meat Highly contagious, low mortality, strong immunity, lower mobidty and less severe lesion compared to FMD

Answer 146

Compare all the things!

Answer 147

LONG incubation: 2- 8 years _CS: intitally_ suble neurosigns (behavior changes), then _in final stages_ you will see Excitable, hyperreflexia, hypermetria, ataxia, muscle fasciculation, tremors. _IF terminal state_: decrease reumination, weight loss despite good appetite. 100% mortality. 2-3% morbidity. _origin_: unclear, contaminated feed (most likely)? muations? maternal transmission? NO treatment or vaccine - just cull animal and offspring

Answer 148

_Three types_: 1. Mesogenic 2. Velogenic neurotrophic 3. Velogenic viscerotrophic- aka Exotic ND (END) in USA _Transmission_ * Direct contact with feces or respiratory secretions * Indirect via water, feed, equipment, human clothing _Clinical Signs_ * Drop in egg production * Numerous death withing 24-48 hours that containue for 7- 10 days. * Surviving birds may have neuro and repro damage =( _Vaccination_: ONLY reduces clinical signs * does _not_ prevent virus replication or shedding * Still must maintain good management, biosecurity... blahblah blah

Answer 149

Avian Flu = Orthomyxovirus, 16 H & 9 N _Two types_: 1. **HPAI** - severe disease, mortality, only subtypes H5 & H7 * affected species: water fowl, cage birds, poultry, mammals 2. **LPAI-** mild disease, includes all non- HPAI H subtypes 1. BUT LPAI H5 and H7 subtypes can mutate into HPAI subtypes ( by anigenic shift or drift) _Epidemic Requirements_: 1. New influenza subtype emerges 2. AI must produce disease in that species 3. Sustainable transmission must occur within new host species (Asian H5N1 has not met this criteria in humans) _Prevention in Birds_: * vaccination requires approval by state vet and USDA * vaccine is not routely done * vaccine does not prevent virsus shedding * Use DIVA vaccine

Answer 150

 BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS (White Tail Deer)  BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS (Bison)  SCRAPIE  JOHNE'S DISEASE  CHRONIC WATING DISEASE  EXOTIC NEWCASTLE DISEASE  VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA  PSEUDORABIES

Epi Exam 1 Flashcards

(183 cards)